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HOMERIC QUOTATIONS IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE.
By GEORGE EDwin HoweEs.
INTRODUCTORY.
S it has not seemed wise to enter in this paper into the question
of the authenticity of the various works ascribed to Plato and
Aristotle, I have here included all the quotations from Homer that
are contained in any of the works edited under the name of Plato
or Aristotle. For the text and variants of Plato I have relied,
wherever possible, upon the collations given by Schanz (Platonis
Opera quae Feruntur Omnia, 1875-). Unfortunately for classical
scholars the edition of Schanz is still incomplete; the readings,
therefore, of the following works only are taken from his text: —
Alcibiades I., Alcibiades II., Amatores, Apologia Socratis, Char-
mides, Convivium, Cratylus, Crito, Gorgias, Hippias Minor, Ion,
Laches, Leges I.-VI., Lysis, Meno, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Protagoras,
Sophistes, Theaetetus. From the edition of Stallbaum (Platonis
Opera Omnia) have been taken the text and variants of the follow-
ing: —Leges VII~XII. (1859), Minos (1841), Philebus (1842),
Respublica (1858). From Hermann’s edition (Platonis Dialogi,
1853) are quoted the passages in Axiochus and the Epistulae. In
giving passages from Aristotle, greater uniformity has been possible
by adopting for the complete works the text and collations of Bekker
(Aristotelis Opera, 1831), and for the fragments the text of Rose
(Aristotelis qui Ferebantur Librorum Fragmenta, 1870), both edited
by the Berlin Academy. The principal other authors of whom
critical use has been made have been quoted from the following
editions :— Homer, from La Roche (Homeri Ilias, 1873-1876, and
Homeri Odyssea; 1867-1868); Hesiod, from Rzach (Hesiodi quae
154 George Edwin Howes.
Feruntur Omnia, 1884); Aeschylus, from Wecklein (Aeschyli Fabulae,
1885); Sophocles, from Jebb (Antigone, 1891; Electra, 1894; and
Oedipus Tyrannus, 1893) and from Campbell (Sophocles, The Plays
and Fragments, 1881; from this the Ajax is cited); and Euripides,
from Kirchhoff (Euripidis Fabulae, 1867-1868). The editions of the
Homeric Scholia used are those of Dindorf (Scholia Graeca in
Homeri Odysseam, 1855; and Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem,
1875-1877, containing the Scholia of Venetus A and of Venetus B)
and of Maas (Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem Townleyana,
1887-1888). Any departure from the text of the editions mentioned
above has been indicated by a note.
I have thought that a study of the quotations from Homer
found in our manuscripts of Plato and Aristotle might have a two-
fold value, — it might show whether these authors quoted accurately
or not, and it might possibly shed some light upon the Homeric
text of their day. It is evident at once that many difficulties beset
our path. The mistakes of the scribes of the manuscripts of both
Homer and of the authors quoting him have, of course, been numer-
ous; and yet, if we assume that all the differences of reading
between the passages quoted and the quotations are due to the mis-
takes of these scribes, we beg the question at the outset, and admit
that these authors quoted from the same Homeric text that we have
to-day, and quoted accurately. Moreover, if we claim that all the
variations, apart from those caused by the carelessness of scribes,
are due to the practice of the ancients of quoting from memory, we
again beg the question by assuming that none of the variants in the
quotations has a real variant Homeric reading to depend upon.
Besides, even if it should be granted that these authors may have
quoted from memory, — an induction that does not necessarily follow
because of a great difference between a passage quoted and the
quotation, —this explanation would need to be used judiciously and
not applied to every apparent case, for many passages that would
seem at first sight to offer this as the most plausible explanation
will on careful study be explained in a much more satisfactory
manner. But let me not anticipate too much. I wish, merely in a
general way, to indicate some of the difficulties that confront us.
It would be beyond the limit of this paper and of my ability to
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 155
attempt to offer all the possible solutions of all the difficult questions
that present themselves. It is my intention, while least of all wish-
ing to dogmatize, to give what seems to me to be the most probable
explanation of the various passages under discussion.
I. QUOTATIONS FROM THE DRraMATIC PoETs AND HEsiop.
I have deemed it advisable to consider, somewhat briefly, the
quotations of Plato and Aristotle from the dramatic poets and Hesiod,
so that an impression, more or less distinct, may be formed of their
general trustworthiness when quoting from other authors. In dis-
cussing the quotations from the dramatists I shall consider those
passages only that are found in the extant plays; for the fragments,
except in special instances, necessarily fail to offer a satisfactory
basis of comparison,
Quotations from the Dramatists.
A. So far as I know, Plato gives but two quotations from the
dramatists, apart from several references in which there is no attempt
to quote the exact language.
1. &ep. 2, 362 A= Aesch. Set. 580-581:
Plat. οὐ δοκεῖν ἄδικον ἀλλ᾽ εἶναι ἐθέλειν,
βαθεῖαν ἄλοκα διὰ φρενὸς καρπούμενον,
ἐξ ἧς τὰ κεδνὰ βλαστάνει βουλεύματα,
Aesch, βαθεῖαν ἄλοκα διὰ φρενὸς καρπούμενος,
ἐξ ἧς τὰ κεδνὰ βλαστάνει βουλεύματα.
Plato has changed the nominative καρπούμενος to the accusa-
tive, that it may fit the structure of his sentence.
2. Alcabiad, 11. 151 B= Eur. Phoen. 858-859:
Plat. οἰωνὸν ἐθέμην, φησί, καλλίνικα στέφη"
ἐν γὰρ κλύδωνι κείμεθ᾽, ὥσπερ οἶσθα σύ"
Eur. οἰωνὸν ἐθέμην καλλίνικα σὰ στέφη"
ἐν γὰρ κλύδωνι κείμεθ᾽, ὥσπερ οἶσθα σύ,
1 Schanz, following Buttman, restores σὰς Cod. B, κείμεθα; T, διακείμεθα.
156 George Edwin Howes.
As oa of the verse of Euripides is necessary for the trimeter, its
loss from the manuscripts of Plato is probably due to a copyist, as
we cannot suppose that Plato would have allowed such an unmetrical
verse to stand in his text.
B. Aristotle has given us twenty-four quotations from the drama-
tists. In seven? of these the manuscripts of Aristotle coincide with
those of the poets, with the exception of a few unimportant variants
evidently due to the carelessness of scribes.
The other seventeen will require some discussion.
1. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. 1415b 20) = Soph. Antig. 223:
Aristot. ἄναξ, ἐρῶ μὲν ody ὅπως σπουδῆς ὕπο.
Soph. ἀναξ, ἐρῶ μὲν οὐχ ὅπως τάχους ὕπο
The reading σπουδῆς receives additional support from the
scholiast who writes: od τοῦτο λέγω, ὅτι μετὰ σπουδῆς ἀσθμαίνων
πρὸς σὲ πεπόρευμαι. The coincidence of the use of σπουδῆς by both
Aristotle and the scholiast may, of course, be accidental; but it is at
least striking and entitles the reading to a fair consideration. Even
if Aristotle is quoting from memory here, as many suppose, the read-
ing is not thereby invalidated. A man may quote from memory and
still quote correctly. We might add that some of the editors — e.g.
Dindorf and Schneidewin — have adopted σπουδῆς in their text.
2 (and 3). Z£th. Nic. 9,9 (p. 1169b 7) and Mag. Mor. 2, 15 (p.
1212 Ὁ 27) =Eur. Or. 667:
Aristot. Eth. Nic. ὅταν ὃ δαίμων εὖ διδῷ, τί δεῖ φίλων;
Aristot. Mag. Mor. ὅταν δ᾽ ὁ δαίμων εὖ διδῷ, τί δεῖ φίλων;
Eur? ὅταν δ᾽ ὃ δαίμων εὖ διδῷ, τί χρὴ φίλων;
The second quotation of Aristotle assures us— what we should
otherwise readily have assumed — that the omission of δ᾽ in the first
quotation is merely a copyist’s blunder. Besides, it confirms the
1 De Mundo 6 (p. 400b 25) = Soph. Ο. 7. 4-5; Rhet. 3, 15 (p. 1416a 30) =
Eur. Aig. 612; Rhet. 2, 21 (p. 13944 29) = Eur. Med. 294-297; Eth. Eud. 7, 1
(p. 12354 16) = Eur. Or. 234; Rhet. 3, 2 (p. 1405b 23) = Eur. Or. 1588 ; Rhet. 3,17
(p. 1418 Ὁ 22) = Eur. 7road. 971; Rhet. 2, 23 (p. 1400b 23) = Eur. Troad. 990.
2 Cod. B has δεῖ, which Kirchhoff edits.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 157
reading δεῖ, at least for Aristotle. Without going deeply into the
question we may say that it is very doubtful whether the Attic poets
ever used χρή with a genitive. Besides, in Eur. Herc. Fur. 1338
we have a similar verse — whether spurious or not:
θεοὶ δ᾽ ὅταν τιμῶσιν, οὐδὲν δεῖ φίλων"
If genuine, this verse shows a similar phase; if spurious, it was
probably modelled after Eur. Or. 667. Again, the reading τί δεῖ
φίλων is confirmed by Plutarch.'| Further, as already noted, the
word δεῖ itself still appears in one manuscript of Euripides. So we
should agree_with Kirchhoff, Nauck, Paley and others in admitting
δεῖ into the text of Euripides.
4. Rhet, 3, 6 (p. 1407 Ὁ 34) = Eur. 221. Taur. 727:
Aristot.? Δέλτου μὲν αἵδε πολύθυροι διαπτυχαί,
Eur.® δέλτου μὲν aide πολύθρηνοι διαπτυχαί,
The word πολύθρηνοι, ‘much wailing,’ was long ago seen to be
wrong. We are indebted to Aristotle for the true reading. The folds
of the tablet were ‘many-gated,’ 24. there were many leaves that
might be considered to form the entrance to the tablet. Although
Euripides has used an uncommon expression, it receives some justi-
fication in the δίθυρον of Pollux, IV. 18: Ἣρόδοτος μὲν λέγει δελ-
τίον δίπτυχον, οἱ δὲ ᾿Αττικοὶ γραμματεῖον δίθυρον, καὶ θύρας τὰς πτύχας
ἄχρι δύο, εἶτα πτύχας καὶ τρίπτυχον καὶ πολύπτυχον;; and later in X. 57:
δέλτους δελτία, ὡς εἰπεῖν γραμματείδιον δίθυρον ἢ τρίπτυχον ἢ καὶ πλειό-
νων πτυχῶν. The reading of Aristotle is, therefore, welcome, and is
accepted by Kirchhoff, Nauck, Klotz, Paley and modern scholars
generally.
5. Fol. 1, 2 (p. 1252} 8) = Eur. 221}. Aul. 1400:
Aristot. βαρβάρων δ᾽ Ἕλληνας ἄρχειν εἰκός,
Eur. βαρβάρων δ᾽ Ἕλληνας εἰκὸς ἄρχειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βαρβάρους,
1 Moral. 68 E.
2 Cod. Yb, δέλτου μία δὲ.
8 Edited by Kirchhoff, πολύθυροι.
4 Edited by Kirchhoff, ἄρχειν εἰκός.
158 George Edwin Howes.
The manuscripts of Euripides offer a metrical difficulty, namely
a spondee in the odd foot of a trochaic metre. Ways suggested for
avoiding the difficulty have been the cutting of the verse into two
parts or the substitution of the Doric form ἄρχεν. The discovery
of the quotation in Aristotle, however, practically settled the matter
in favor of the reading ἄρχειν εἰκός.
So far we have considered twelve passages, which show that Aris-
totle’s quotations are entitled to great respect; seven of them are
practically identical with the passages quoted, while the other five give
readings superior to those found in our manuscripts of the poets
themselves. The remaining twelve passages offer greater difficulties.
1. Rhet. τ, 13 (p. 1373 Ὁ 12) =Soph. Antig. 456-457:
Aristot.! οὐ γάρ τι viv ye κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε
ζῇ τοῦτο, κοὐδεὶς οἶδεν ἐξ ὅτου φάνη.
Soph. "οὐ γάρ τι νῦν ye κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε
ζῇ ταῦτα, κοὐδεὶς οἷδεν ἐξ ὅτου φάνη.
Verse 456 is quoted by Aristotle again in het? τ, 15 (p. 1375 Ὁ 1):
οὐ γάρ τι viv ye κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε.
In the two quotations of verse 456 the variants in the manuscripts
of Aristotle contradict one another and thus corroborate the readings
of the manuscripts of Sophocles. Possibly the word τοῦτο was
‘purposely written by Aristotle, that it might harmonize with his pre-
ceding words: οἷον καὶ ἡ Σοφοκλέους ᾿Αντιγόνη φαίνεται λέγουσα, ὅτι
δίκαιον ἀπειρημένον θάψαι τὸν Πολυνείκη, ὡς φύσει ὃν τοῦτο δίκαιον"
Otherwise its use must be due to the carelessness either of Aristotle
or of the scribes.
2. Rhet. τ, 15 (p. 1375 Ὁ 1) =Soph. Antig. 456 and 458:
Aristot.® οὐ γάρ τι viv ye κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε.
ταῦτ᾽ οὖν ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔμελλον ἀνδρὸς οὐδενός.
Soph. οὐ γάρ τι νῦν γε κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε
τούτων ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔμελλον, ἀνδρὸς οὐδενὸς
1 Cod. ΟΥ̓Ρ, τε (for γε); Zb, σε (for γε); Q, καὶ χθὲς.
2 Cod. As, τὸν (for τι).
8 Cod. Ac, τὸν (for Tu); Ac, ἤμελλον. 4 Cod. L, ἐγ᾽ οὐκ.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Anstotle. 159
Evidently this passage was so well known to his hearers or readers
that Aristotle thought it unnecessary to quote it in full. It is quite
possible that he may have used the word τούτων, which is undoubt-
edly right in the verse of Sophocles. A copyist might readily
have changed this to ταῦτ᾽ οὖν either carelessly, or because he
thought that ἔμελλον would most naturally be followed by an infini-
tive, of which ταῦτα would be the object.
3. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. 1415a 20)=Soph. Ο. 7. 774:
Aristot. ἐμοὶ πατὴρ ἣν Πόλυβος.
Soph. ἐμοὶ πατὴρ μὲν Πολύβος ἣν Κορώνθιος,
Little stress can be laid upon this passage, for Aristotle is rather
referring to the verse than quoting it.
4. &€het. 3,11 (p. 1411b 29) = Eur. 291. Aul. 80:
Aristot.? τοὐλεύθερον δ᾽ Ἕλληνες ἄξαντες ποσίν
Eur. τοὐντεῦθεν οὖν Ἕλληνες ἄξαντες δορί,
This passage of Aristotle is clearly corrupt in the manuscripts.
Possibly the word ποσίν is involved in the corruption; it is surely
more prosaic than δορί, and is probably wrong.
5. £th. Eud. 7, 1 (p. 12358 22) = Eur. Phoen. 539-540:
Aristot.? τῷ πλέονι δ᾽ αἰεὶ πολέμιον καθίσταται
τοὔλασσον, ἔχθρας θ᾽ ἡμέρα κατάρχεται.
Eur? τῷ πλέονι δ᾽ ἀεὶ πολέμιον καθίσταται
τοὔλασσον ἐχθρᾶς θ᾽ ἡμέρας κατάρχεται.
Except for the accent of ἐχθρᾶς one manuscript of Aristotle
gives the same reading as the manuscripts of Euripides, and may
preserve the correct tradition. The meaning of the last verse of
Euripides, “and begins the hostile day,” is somewhat obscure,
however. The reading of the manuscripts of Aristotle, “and the
day begins hostility,” is about as intelligible and may possibly be
right.
1 Cod. Ac, τοὐλεύθερον ἕλληνες; YbZb, τοὐλεύθερον δ᾽ ἕλληνες; Q, τὸ ἐλευθέροις
δ᾽ ἕλληνες. Bekker has edited τοὐντεῦθεν οὖν “Ἑλληνες.
2 Cod. Pb, ἡμέρας. 8 Some cod., αἰεί; C, πλείονι.
160 George Edwin Howes.
6. Rhet. 3, 17 (p. 1418b 21) = Eur. TZroad. 969:
Aristot.! rots θεοῖς πρῶτα σύμμαχος γενήσομαι.
Eur.” tats θεαῖσι πρῶτα σύμμαχος γενήσομαι
The article τοῖς is a purely grammatical blunder and cannot be
attributed to Aristotle. That he had a feminine gender in mind is
evident from his next words (also a quotation), ἐγὼ γὰρ Ἥραν. He
may have used ταῖς θεοῖς, which a scribe might think was a mis-
take for rots θεοῖς. If he wrote rats θεαῖσι, which the manu-
scripts of Euripides show, it might have been changed by a scribe,
first to the common Attic τοῖς θεαῖς, and later to rots θεοῖς.
7. Rhet. 3, 16 (p. 1417 ἃ 32) = Soph. Antig. 911-012:
Aristot.? μητρὸς δ᾽ ἐν ddov καὶ πατρὸς βεβηκότων
οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἀδελφὸς ὅστις ἂν βλάστοι ποτέ.
Soph. μητρὸς δ᾽ ἐν ἽΔιδου καὶ πατρὸς κεκευθότοιν
οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἀδελφὸς ὅστις ἂν βλάστοι ποτέ.
The reading βεβηκότων may be due to the carelessness of
Aristotle or it may have crept in as a gloss of some learned man,
who beside the κεκευθότοιν of his text wrote the corresponding
expression βεβηκότοιν.
8 (and 9). het. 2,21 (p. 1394b 16) and Eth. Eud. 7,2 (p.1235b
21)= Eur. Zroad. 1051:
Aristot. (2het.)* οὐδεὶς ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ,
Aristot. (Eth. Eud.) οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ,
Eur. οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ.
In the passage of the Eudemian Ethics the word γάρ has been
introduced to join the statement more closely with the preceding
words.
το. Pol. τ, 13 (p. 1260a 30) = Soph. Ajax 293:
Aristot. γυναικὶ κόσμον ἡ σιγὴ φέρει,
Soph. γύναι, γυναιξὶ κόσμον ἡ σιγὴ φέρει.
1 The verse is given thus in all the manuscripts. Bekker, however, edits ταῖς
θεαῖσι. 2 Cod. BCG, θεαῖσι; B, ταῖς θεαῖσι.
3 Cod. Q, ἂν βλαστῆ; ZbAc, ἀναβλάστοι. 4 Cod. Ac, ἐρασθεὶς ὅστις οὐχὶ καὶ φ.
FHlomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 161
11. Metaphys. 4, 5 (p. 1015 ἃ 31) =Soph. δώσ. 256:
Aristot. ἀλλ᾽ ἡ Bia με ταῦτ᾽ ἀναγκάζει ποιεῖν.
Soph. ἀλλ᾽ ἡ βία γὰρ ταῦτ᾽ ἀναγκάζει με δρᾶν,
12. het. 2, 21 (p. 1394b 4 and 6) = Eur. Hec. 864-865 :
Aristot. οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνδρῶν ὅστις ἔστ᾽ ἐλεύθερος
ἢ χρημάτων γὰρ δοῦλός ἐστιν ἢ τύχης.
Eur. οὐκ ἔστι θνητῶν ὅστις ἔστ᾽ ἐλεύθερος "
ἢ χρημάτων γὰρ δοῦλός ἐστιν ἢ τύχης,
Most of these last quotations of Aristotle, though differing from
the manuscripts of the dramatists, contain ——if we except palpable
blunders evidently due to copyists—readings that are intelligible and
quite possible. Some of them probably represent correct old read-
ings; for it would be singular if, where variants are found between
the manuscripts of Aristotle and of these authors, he is right only
when grammatical or metrical difficulties prove the traditional read-
ings of these authors corrupt.
Quotations from Hesiod.
After this rather brief reference to the passages of the dramatic
poets quoted by Plato and Aristotle, we may perhaps with profit
glance at the passages quoted from Hesiod.
A. At first sight Plato’s quotations from Hesiod seem to show
great carelessness, as almost all of them give readings different from
those contained in the manuscripts of Hesiod. Each of these pas-
sages, however, will need to be considered separately.
1. Conviv. 178 B= Theog. 116-120:
Plat. αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
γαῖ᾽ εὐρύστερνος, πάντων ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεί,
ἠδ᾽ Ἔρος.
Hes. Ἤτοι μὲν πρώτιστα Χάος γένετ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
Tat’ εὐρύστερνος, πάντων ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεὶ
[ἀθανάτων, ot ἔχουσι κάρη νιφόεντος ᾽Ολύμπου,
π' ξὴ τ 3.3 , a 6 x 3 ὃ ’
ἀρταρά τ᾽ ἠερόεντα μυχῷ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης,
ἠδ᾽ Ἔ
ἠδ᾽ Ἔρος,
162 George Edwin Howes.
In the words actually quoted the manuscripts of Plato agree with
those of Hesiod. The omission of verses 118 and 119 will be dis-
cussed later.
2. Theaetet. 207 A = Op. et D. 456:
Plat. ἑκατὸν δέ τε δούραθ᾽ ἁμάξης.
Ηε5.2 ἑκατὸν δέ τε δούρατ᾽ ἀμάξης,
The difference here is mainly one of breathing, and therefore of
little account, as manuscript traditions on such matters have small
weight. We might say, however, that the best manuscript of Plato
has Sovpar’, which, if correct, would imply dudéys — with smooth
breathing — and thus cause a correspondence between the best
manuscripts of the two authors.
3. Rep. 5, 466 C= Op. εἰ ἢ. 40:
Plat. γνώσεται τὸν Ἡσίοδον ὅτι τῷ ὄντι ἣν σοφὸς λέγων
πλώο εἶναί πως ἥμισυ παντός.
Ηε5.: Νήπιοι, οὐδὲ ἴσασιν, ὅσῳ πλέον ἥμισυ παντὸς
Here it is evidently the purpose of Plato not to quote, but merely
to refer to the passage of Hesiod. The two words ἥμισυ παντός
are common to both passages, and there is nothing in the rest of
the reference in Plato inconsistent with the manuscript readings of
Hesiod. In similar language Plato again refers to the same passage
in Leg. 3, 690 E.
4. Lysis 215 C= Op. εἰ 22. 25-26:
Plat. καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ κοτέει καὶ ἀοιδὸς ἀοιδῷ
καὶ πτωχὸς πτωχῷ,
Hes. Καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ κοτέει καὶ τέκτονι τέκτων,
καὶ πτωχὸς πτωχῷ φθονέει καὶ ἀοιδὸς ἀοιδῷ.
These verses were variously quoted in antiquity. In one place —
Pol. 5, το (p. 1312 Ὁ 5) — Aristotle gives the order κεραμεῖ κεραμεύς,
though there it is rather a reference than a quotation. In three
other instances, however, he shows the traditional manuscript order,
1Cod. B, dovpar’. 3 Cod. Mmy, ἀμάξη or du; Mme, αμάξηι; most cod., δούραθ᾽ ἁμάξης.
ὃ (οά. ΜΖΒΑΝ, οὐδ᾽ tc.
4 Rhet 2, 4 (ρ. 1381} 16); Rhet. 2, 10 (Ρ. 1388 ἃ 16); Eth. Lud. 7,1 (p. 1235 8 18)-
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 163
which is confirmed by many other writers also. In Priscian’ we find
verse 26 quoted thus:
\ N a ΄ Noe ,ἅ
καὶ TTWKXOS πτώχῳ φθονέει και TEKTOVL τέκτων.
This, in an indirect way, tends to corroborate the reading of Plato.
For the last part of the verse as quoted by Priscian refers to the
class of men (τέκτονες) which Plato would naturally have mentioned
if he had finished his verse, since it is the only class referred to by
Hesiod but omitted by Plato. Apparently, even in the remote past
there were differences of reading, which may easily have arisen
before the time of Plato, and even have crept into manuscript
copies of Hesiod.
5 (and 6). Crat. 397 Eand Rep. 5, 469 A= Οὗ. et D. 121-123:
Plat. (Crat.) αὐτὰρ ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο γένος κατὰ μοῖρ᾽ ἐκάλυψεν,
οἱ μὲν δαίμονες ἁγνοὶ ὑποχθόνιοι καλέονται,
ἐσθλοί, ἀλεξίκακοι, φύλακες θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων.
Plat. (Rep.) οἱ μὲν δαίμονες ἁγνοὶ ἐπιχθόνιοι τελέθουσιν,
ἐσθλοί, ἀλεξίκακοι, φύλακες μερόπων ἀνθρώπων
Hes.? αὐτὰρ ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο γένος κατὰ γαῖα κάλυψε,
τοὶ μὲν δαίμονές εἰσι Διὸς μεγάλου διὰ βουλὰς
ἐσθλοί, ἐπιχθόνιοι, φύλακες θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων,
This is a difficult passage to settle satisfactorily. Plato differs
not only from Hesiod but also from himself. Let us consider first
those readings in which he consistently differs from Hesiod.
(2) of μὲν. That this reading was found in the manuscripts of
Plato in early times is seen from Eusebius,? Hermogenes,’ and others,
who quote it thus from Plato. Lactantius,® though with a variant
τοὶ, quotes it thus from Hesiod. It may very well have stood in the
manuscript of Hesiod to which Plato had access.
1 XVIII. 145, p. 169 K.
2 Cod. A has ἐπεὶ xe, with δή written above; cod. MC, ἐπεὶ μεν, with xe written
above ; almost all the other cod. have ἐπεί κεν.
8 Praep. Ev. 13, τι, p. 663 A.
4Ed. Walz., Rhet. Graec. 3, p. 320.
5 Inst. Div. 2, 14, 7.
164 George Edwin Howes.
(4) ἁγνοὶ. This word, too, is confirmed for Plato by Eusebius,
Hermogenes, and Theodoretus.' It is suggested for Hesiod also by
Plutarch,? who in wrongly quoting the verse as
ἁγνοὶ ἐπιχθόνιοι φύλακες θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων,
shows that the word ἁγνοὶ was somewhere in the sentence.
(ὃ ἀλεξέίκακοι. The testimony of Eusebius, Hermogenes, Theo-
doretus, and Aristides* shows that this is correct for Plato. Though
Theodoretus is referring to the Cratylus of Plato, he thinks he is
giving the words of Hesiod, for he prefaces his quotation with these
words: ὁ δέ ye Ἡσώοδος περὶ τοῦ χρυσοῦ γένους ταῦτα ἔφη.
Now let us look at those words that show Plato as differing from
Hesiod and inconsistent with himself.
(2) ἐπιχθόνιοι (Rep.); ὑποχθόνιοι (Crat.). As Aristides alone,
who seems to be quoting from the Cratylus, reads ὑποχθόνιοι,
while the other authors, including Theodoretus, who quotes from the
Cratylus, give ἐπιχθόνιοι, probably Plato wrote in both passages
ἐπιχθόνιοι, which was early corrupted in the Cratylus to ὑποχθόνιοι.
(ὃ τελέθουσιν (Rep.); καλέονται (Craz.). The authors quoting
Plato are about evenly divided on these words. Probably these
readings represent very old variants which may have extended back
to old manuscripts of Hesiod.
In the case of one word, Plato agrees with Hesiod in one passage
but disagrees in the other:
(Sf) μερόπων (Rep.); θνητῶν (Craz., and also Hesiod). For the
former word Eusebius offers his testimony, while the latter is con-
firmed by many ancient authors. As the phrase μερόπων ἀνθρώπων
was a common ending for verses of both Homer and Hesiod,’ it
would have been easy for either Plato or a scribe to write μερόπων
ἀνθρώπων instead of θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων.
In the Cratylus, Plato quotes one more verse than in the Republic.
In this verse he differs from Hesiod in one phrase:
18, De Mar. p. 915 D. 2 Moral. 431 E. 8 Vol. II. p. 171 (230 Dind.).
4 Cf. Hom. 77. 1, 250; 3, 402; Hes. Op. e¢ D. 143, 180. Cf. also Plat. Leg. 3,
681 E, where he quotes from Hom. 77. 20, 217, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 165
(5) μοῖρ᾽ ἐκάλυψεν (Craz.); γαῖα κάλυψε (Hes.). Theodoretus
confirms μοῖρ᾽ for Plato, and evidently thought it correct for Hesiod.
The phrase γαῖα κάλυψε recurs in verses 140 and 156 of the Works
and Days. So it seems to me probable that Plato, if in verse 121
his text of Hesiod had read γαῖα κάλυψε, would have quoted it so,
even if he were giving the words from memory, as the repetition of
the phrase would have impressed it upon his mind. Why is it not
fully as natural, therefore, to suppose that the original reading of
verse 121 of Hesiod was really potp’ ἐκάλυψε, which was early
changed by a scribe to γαῖα κάλυψε because of the repetition of
that phrase in verses 140 and 156? ‘Taking all these points into
consideration, I am inclined to believe that the text of Hesiod from
which Plato quoted may have been:
αὐτὰρ ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο γένος κατὰ motp ἐκάλυψε
καλέονται
τοὶ μὲν δαίμονες ἁγνοὶ ἐπιχθόνιοι τελέθουσιν
ἐσθλοί, ἀλεξίκακοι, φύλακες θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων.
7. Rep. 2, 364 C = Οὗ. et D. 287-289:
Plat. ὡς τὴν μὲν κακότητα καὶ ἰλαδὸν ἔστιν ἑλέσθαι
ῥηιδίως - λείη μὲν δός, μάλα δ᾽ ἐγγύθι ναίει"
τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
Hes. τὴν μέν τοι κακότητα καὶ ἰλαδὸν ἔστιν ἑλέσθαι
ῥηιδίως - ὀλίγη μὲν ὁδός, μάλα δ᾽ ἐγγύθι ναίει.
τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
The word ὡς given by the manuscripts of Plato is nowhere con-
firmed for this passage of Hesiod and undoubtedly merely connects
the quotation with the preceding words of Plato: τούτοις δὲ πᾶσι
τοῖς λόγοις μάρτυρας ποιητὰς ἐπάγονται, of μὲν κακίας πέρι εὐπετείας
διδόντες, ὡς, etc. Some scribe, however, supposing it the first word
of the quotation, and finding that there were too many syllables in
the verse, may naturally enough have retained ὡς and omitted rou.
In the variants λείη and ὀλίγη we certainly have testimony
strong enough to prove absolutely that there were old readings of
Hesiod that are not found at all in our manuscripts of that author.
For, although all the manuscripts of Hesiod here read ὀλίγη, the
166 George Edwin Howes.
reading λείη is confirmed (1) by Plato,’ who, in referring to this
passage of Hesiod, again uses the word λειή; (2) by Xenophon,’
who in turn is confirmed by Stobaeus®; and (3) by Plutarch.*
8. Leg. 4, 718 E= Of. et D. 289-292:
Plat.? ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
ἀθάνατοι, μακρὸς δὲ καὶ ὄρθιος οἶμος ἐς αὐτήν,
καὶ τρηχὺς τὸ πρῶτον’ ἐπὴν δ᾽ εἰς ἄκρον ἵκηαι,
ῥηιδίη δὴ ᾽πειτα πέλει, χαλεπή περ ἐοῦσα.
Hes.® τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
ἀθάνατοι" μακρὸς δὲ καὶ ὄρθιος οἶμος ἐς αὐτὴν
καὶ τρηχὺς τὸ πρῶτον" ἐπὴν δ᾽ εἰς ἄκρον ἵκηται,
ῥηιδίη δὴ ἔπειτα πέλει, χαλεπή περ ἐοῦσα.
(α) The reading ἵκηαι is confirmed by one manuscript of Xeno-
phon,’ from whom Stobaeus® also quotes the same reading, and by
one manuscript of Hesiod, while ἵκηται is substantiated by
Stobaeus® in another passage. The fact that Plato in the Protagoras”
uses ἵκηται is of no importance, for there he is merely referring to
this passage of Hesiod and not quoting it; and, besides, he there
adds res to show that the statement is a general one, thus giving
the same force to the sentence as if he had said ἵκηαι. I am
inclined to think, therefore, especially as the form ἵκηται offers
difficulty in the way of interpretation, that ἵκηαι is the correct
reading for Hesiod.
(2) The variation of δὴ ἔπειτα and δὴ 'πειτα needs no discus-
sion, as it is a point to be determined by the judgment of the editor
rather than by a particular manuscript tradition.
(c) The word φέρειν of the manuscripts of Plato is a mere
blunder of somebody. For in referring to the passage again, Plato”
says: ὅταν δέ τις αὐτῆς εἰς ἄκρον ἵκηται, ῥηιδίην δἤπειτα πέλειν. ...
1 Leg. 4, 718 E. 2 Mem. 2, 1, 20. 8 Floril. 1, τοι.
4 Moral. p.77 Ὁ. 5 The cod. have φέρειν (for πέλει).
6 Some cod. ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν; Vat. 121, ἵκηαι; Mm’, δὲ ἔπειτα ; m?, δήπειτα.
7 Mem. 2,1, 20. Cod. A, ἵκηαι; the rest, ἵκηται.
8 Floril. 1. 101. 9 Floril. 1, 17.
10 340 D. 11 Protag. 340 D.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 167
9. Crat. 428 A= Op. et D. 361:
Plat.) εἰ καί τις σμικρὸν ἐπὶ σμικρῷ καταθείη,
Hes. Ei γάρ κεν καὶ σμικρὸν ἐπὶ σμικρῷ καταθεῖο,
The difference of these two readings is not easy to explain, unless
we assume that Plato preferred to use another form for a general
statement. Still, both readings are metrical and possible, though a
syllable is lacking in the verse in Plato.
10. ep. 2, 363 B= Οὗ. et D. 233-234:
Plat. ὃ μὲν τὰς δρῦς τοῖς δικαίοις τοὺς θεοὺς ποιεῖν
ἄκρας μέν τε φέρειν βαλάνους, μέσσας δὲ μελίσσας '
εἰροπόκοι δ᾽ ὄιες, φησί, μαλλοῖς καταβεβρίθασι,
Hes. ἄκρη pe τε φέρει βαλάνους, μέσση δὲ μελίσσας"
εἰροπόκοι δ᾽ dues μαλλοῖς καταβεβρίθασι-
Plato here adapts the verses of Hesiod to the structure of his
sentence. There is nothing, however, inconsistent with the words
of Hesiod.
11. Charm. 163 B= Op. et D. 311:
Plat.? ἔμαθον yap παρ᾽ Ἡσιόδου, ὃς ἔφη,
ἔργον οὐδὲν εἶναι ὄνειδος.
Hes. Ἔργον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, depyin δέ τ᾽ ὄνειδος.
Here, too, the words are woven into the structure of Plato’s sen-
tence.
There is another passage of Plato that, although it does not quote
from Hesiod, makes such a reference to him as to entitle it to our
consideration :
12. Crat. 402 B:
dpa οἴει ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου αὐτὸν ἀμφοτέροις ῥευμάτων ὀνόματα θέσθαι,
ὥσπερ αὖ Ὅμηρος ὅ ’Oxeavov τε θεῶν γένεσίν φησιν καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν -
οἶμαι δὲ καὶ «Ἡσίοδος. λέγει δέ που καὶ ᾿Ορφεὺς ὅτι κτλ.
The point of the passage for us lies in the words οἶμαι δὲ καὶ
Ἡσίοδος. Jowett, who evidently thinks that Plato means that
1 Cod. B, σμικροῦ (for σμικρῷ). 2 Codices, δ᾽ οὐδὲν.
8 7]. 14, 201. 4 In a note to his translation of this passage of Plato.
168 George Edwin Howes.
Hesiod had a very similar verse telling of ‘Ocean, the origin of
gods, and mother Tethys,’ says: ‘The verse is not found in the
extant works of Hesiod.” It seems to me, however, that Plato may
have meant that Hesiod, too, describes Oceanus and Tethys as
parents of (some) gods. I should agree with Hermann, therefore, in
considering that Plato had in mind Zheog. 337:
Ty bis δ᾽ ᾽Ωκεανῴ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας,
The words οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Ἡσίοδος surely offer considerable evi-
dence in favor of the view that Plato quoted from memory. The
natural interpretation would be: “I think Hesiod has such a verse,
but I can’t recall it.” Still, the words might imply merely: “I think
Hesiod has such a verse somewhere, but I don’t know just where to
look for it.’ And we must bear in mind that looking for passages
whose place was not tolerably well known, was a much more arduous
process with the old rolls than with modern books.
Conviv. 178 B= Theog. 116-120. This passage was quoted a few
pages above.’ Plato is referring here to the antiquity of the god
Ἔρως. It would not be surprising, therefore, if he omitted every-
thing in the passage quoted that was extraneous to his purpose.
But, since we find that Aristotle in quoting the same passage twice
omits these same verses (118 and 119), we are led to believe that
these verses may not have existed in their texts of Hesiod, especially
as they are, for other reasons, suspected by many scholars.
A consideration of all of these passages leads me to think that
Plato had a text of Hesiod different in many respects from ours;
and that his variants must not thoughtlessly be dismissed as due to
‘lapse of memory.’
B. After this somewhat cursory treatment of Plato’s quotations
of Hesiod, let us turn to Aristotle’s quotations of the same author.
Three? of these, apart from very slight differences evidently due to
scribes, give the traditional readings of Hesiod. The others I shall
treat separately.
1 Cf. page 161.
2 Pol. τ, 2 (p.1252b11) and Oec. 1, 2 (p.1343a 21) = Of. οὐ D. 405; Probl.
4, 25 (p. 879a 28) = Op. et D. 586.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 169
4 (and 5). £7. Mic. 9,1 (p. 11644 27) and Eth. Hud. 7, τὸ
(p. 1242 Ὁ 34) = Of. et D. 370:
Aristot. (Zth. WVic.) ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις δ᾽ ἐνίοις ἀρέσκει τὸ
μισθὸς δ᾽ ἀνδρί.
Aristot. (Eth. Φ πα) μισθὸς ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ.
Hes.} Μισθὸς δ᾽ ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ εἰρημένος ἄρκιος ἔστω.
In the Eudemian Ethics the loss of δ᾽ makes the fragment
unmetrical. The particle must have been omitted by a scribe. A
knowledge of the real reading is shown in the passage of the
Nicomachean Ethics.
6. Eth. Nic. τ, 2 (p, 1095 Ὁ 10) = Of. et D. 293-297:
Aristot.? οὗτος μὲν πανάριστος ὃς αὐτὸς πάντα νοήσῃ,
3 ‘ >. 2 - a Ψ Ὗ , 4
ἐσθλὸς ὃ QU KQKELVOS OS εὖ εἰποντι πίθηται.
a ,ὔ , 32 > Ἂν a, cod oe > ,
ὃς O€ ke μήτ᾽ αὐτὸς νοέῃ μήτ᾽ ἄλλου ἀκούων
ἐν θυμῷ βάλληται, ὃ δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἀχρήιος ἀνήρ.
8 τ XN , a ε a ΄ ΄
Hes. Οὗτος μὲν πανάριστος, ὃς αὑτῷ πάντα νοήσῃ,
Ed 4 Ἦν Ν 2 ΄' > > ,ὔ
φρασσάμενος, τά κ᾽ ἔπειτα καὶ ἐς τέλος σιν ἀμείνω"
ἐσθλὸς δ᾽ αὖ κἀκεῖνος, ὃς εὖ εἰπόντι πίθηται"
a , 4g? ἐξ a Fd 73> oH 3 ,
ὃς δέ ke μήθ᾽ αὑτῷ νοέῃ μήτ᾽ ἄλλου ἀκούων
ἐν θυμῷ βάλληται, 6 δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἀχρήιος ἀνήρ.
The main difference in these passages is that the manuscripts of
Aristotle give generally αὐτὸς (verses 293 and 296) while those of
Hesiod have αὑτῷ. It seems clear that Tzetzes had in his manu-
script of Hesiod αὐτὸς in both places, for he says (on verse 293):
4 32 Ν 9 > x € aA Ἂς 3 ,ὔ ‘ 4 a
παναριστος EOTL, OS TLS ἀφ εαὐυτου και αὐτοδιδάκτως TO πρέπον VOEL,
and on verse 295: ἀγαθὸς δὲ κατὰ δεύτερον λόγον, Kal ὁ μὴ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ
μὲν γνοὺς, πεισθεὶς δὲ τοῖς καλῶς συμβουλεύουσιν. Moschopulus seems
to have read the same, for he says: ἤγουν οὗτος μέν ἐστιν ἄριστος, ὃς
1 Cod. B, γ᾽; in many cod. this verse is omitted.
2 Cod. LbMb, αὐτῶ (verse 293); Lb, νοέει; Mb, νοήσει (Mb adds φρασσάμενος τά
K ἔπειτα καὶ és τέλος how ἀμείνω); HaKbMbNbOb (ie. all the cod. except one),
πείθηται; LbMb, βάληται; Mb, αὖ.
® Cod. Mm,, Z (with the gloss ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ), L, αὐτῷ (verse 293); O, αὐτὸς ; all cod.,
νοήσει; B, εἶσιν ; ZA, εἰσίν; M, ἀμείνων; M (verse 295) omits δ᾽; B, μήτ᾽ αὑτῷ (verse
296); some, μήτ᾽ αὐτῷ; Mme, μήτ᾽ αὐτὸς (from ards); many cod., γοέει.
170 George Edwin Howes.
δ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα νοήσει... ὃς δ᾽ ἂν μήτε δι᾿ ἑαυτοῦ vow μήτ᾽ ἄλλου
ἀκούων κτλ.
Since there are many writers some of whom quote αὐτός and
some αὑτῷ, we may fairly infer, I think, that both readings go back
to a very old period. Verse 294 of Hesiod is omitted by Aristotle
and also by Aristides’ and by Clement of Alexandria.? It is quoted,
however, by Stobaeus* and by Andronicus Rhodius.* Whether
Aristotle had it in his text of Hesiod or not is uncertain, for he
might readily have omitted it as unessential to his quotation, even if
he had had it. Still the verse is open to suspicion and has been
rejected by some scholars, e.g. Brunck and Steitz.
7. Rhet. 3,9 (p. 1409 b 28) = Of. εἰ 22. 265-266:
Aristot.® of τ᾽ αὐτῷ κακὰ τεύχει ἀνὴρ ἄλλῳ κακὰ τεύχων,
ἡ δὲ μακρὰ ἀναβολὴ τῷ ποιήσαντι κακίστη"
Hes... Of γ᾽ αὐτῷ κακὰ τεύχει ἀνὴρ ἄλλῳ κακὰ τεύχων,
ἡ δὲ κακὴ βουλὴ τῷ βουλεύσαντι κακίστη.
These two verses do not properly belong in a collection of
Aristotle’s quotations, for they are a parody by Democritus, as
Aristotle himself says: wore γίνεται ὃ ἔσκωψε Δημόκριτος ὃ Χῖος εἰς
Μελαννιπίδην ποιήσαντα ἀντὶ τῶν ἀντιστροφῶν ἀναβολάς, of τ᾽ αὐτῷ κτλ.
8. Occ. τ, 4 (. 13444 17) = Οὗ. et D. 699:
Aristot.’ παρθενικὴν δὲ γαμεῖν ἵνα ἤθεα κεδνὰ διδάξης"
Hes. παρθενικὴν δὲ γαμεῖν, ὡς κ᾽ ἤθεα κεδνὰ διδάξῃς.
Aristides,’ in referring to this passage of Hesiod, uses ἕνα. iva
has far the greater probability as the original reading, because it
restores hiatus: ἵνα ρήθεα.
1 Vol. 11. p. 26 (p. 31 Dind.).
2 Paed. 3, 8 (p. 279).
3 Floril, 4, p. 252 (ed. Meineke).
4 Eth. Nic. Paraphrasis τ, 6.
5 Cod. QYDZb, ἀναβολήν; Q, κακίστη γὰρ.
ὁ The word γ᾽ edited by Rzach has no manuscript authority. Almost all the
cod. have 7’ or θ᾽.
7 Cod. Mb, διδάξη.
8 Vol. II. p. 33 (p. 41 Dind.).
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 171
9. £th. Nic. 9, 10 (p. 1170 b 21) = OD. εἰ D. 715:
Aristot.! ἐμμελῶς εἰρῆσθαι δοκεῖ
μήτε πολύξεινος μήτ᾽ ἄξεινος,
Hes. Μηδὲ πολύξεινον μηδ᾽ ἄξεινον καλέεσθαι,
With the variants μήτε and μηδὲ we need not concern ourselves
as they are often confused in manuscripts. If the manuscripts of
Aristotle represent him correctly in this passage, it must be con-
sidered either as a mere reference or as a misquotation, for the
words πολύξεινον and ἄξεινον must be right in Hesiod, since they
are in the same construction as νεικεστῆρα (verse 716), which the
metre demands.
10. £th. Nic. 7, 14 (p. 1153 Ὁ 27) = Οὗ. εἰ D. 763-764:
Aristot.? φήμη δ᾽ οὔ τί ye πάμπαν ἀπόλλυται, ἥντινα λαοί
πολλοί...
Hes. Φήμη δ᾽ οὔ τις πάμπαν ἀπόλλυται, ἥντινα πολλοὶ
λαοὶ φημίζουσι"
Of the variants τί ye and τις we need say only that some manu-
scripts of Hesiod® show τι, to which ye could easily have been added
by a copyist, and one manuscript of Aristotle has τις without ye.
Demosthenes,* Aeschines® and Dio Chrysostomus® give the order
of words λαοὶ πολλοὶ, while other writers confirm the traditional
reading of Hesiod πολλοὶ λαοὶ. Of the five manuscripts of
Aristotle collated by Bekker for this passage four read πολλοί alone,
the other has of πολλοί. This oi, of course, may be the remnant of
a previous λαοί, but the weight of evidence would seem to suggest
that Aristotle wrote merely πολλοί, thus completing the verse in
accordance with our reading of Hesiod.
1 Cod. Lb, ἄξενος ; LbOb add καλεοίμην.
2 Cod. Kb, οὔτις πάμπαν; Kb has οἱ (for λαοί); the other cod. show no trace of
the word.
8 Cf. critical apparatus in text of Koechly-Kinkel for this passage.
* De Fals. Leg. p. 417.
5 Con. Timarch. p. 141.
6 Or. 37, p. 128 R.
172 George Edwin Howes.
11 (12, 13 and 14). fol. 5, 10 (p. 1312b 5), “het. 2, 4 (p.1381b
16), Ahet. 2, 10 (p. 1388416), Lth. Lud. 7, τ (p. 1235 ἃ 18) = ΟΖ.
et D, 25.
Aristot. (Pol.) Ws κεραμεῖ κεραμεύς
Aristot. (fet. 2, 4) κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ.
Aristot. (Ret. 2,10) καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ.
Aristot. (2th. ud.) καὶ γὰρ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ κοτέει,
Hes. Καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ κοτέει καὶ τέκτονι τέκτων,
From these last four passages of Aristotle it is evident that, when
he was quoting only a part of a verse, or perhaps referring to it, he
did not feel it necessary to give the exact language. A comparison
of these four passages shows that Aristotle had here the same read-
ing in his Hesiod as we find in ours.
15 (16 and 17). Phys. Auscul. 4,1 (p. 208b 30), Metaphys. τ, 4
(p. 984b 27), and De Xenoph. τ (p. 975 a 11) = Theog. 116-120:
Aristot.1 (Phys. Auscul.)
πάντων μὲν πρώτιστα χάος γένετ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
γαῖ᾽ εὐρύστερνος,
Aristot.? (AZetaphys.)
πάντων μὲν πρώτιστα χάος yéver’, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
γαῖ᾽ εὐρύστερνος,
93» a , , > rd
ἠδ᾽ ἔρος, Os πάντεσσι μεταπρέπει ἀθανάτοισιν,
Aristot.® (De Xenoph.)
lal Ν , Ἂν, , a τΑ > Ψ ἈΝ 4
πρῶτον μὲν πάντων φησὶ χάος ἐγένετ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
a? > 4 i. Pay > +. 27
γαῖ᾽ εὐρύστερνος, πάντων ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεί,
ἠδ᾽ ἔρος, ὃς πάντεσσι μεταπρέπει ἀθανάτοισιν.
Hes. "Hrow μὲν πρώτιστα Χάος γένετ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
Tat’ εὐρύστερνος, πάντων ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεὶ
[ἀθανάτων, οἱ ἔχουσι κάρη νιφόεντος ᾽Ολύμπου,
Τάρταρά τ᾽ ἠερόεντα μυχῷ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης,
ἠδ᾽ Ἔρος, ὃς κάλλιστος ἐν ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι
1 (οά. F, γένοιτ᾽.
2 Cod. Ha, αὐτὸ (for αὐτὰρ); E, γέα γαῖα ; Ἠδ ΑΡ, ἔρως.
8 Cod. BaRa Va, αἰείδερος.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Anistotle. 173
(2) In the first two passages, in which Aristotle is apparently
intending to quote exactly, we read πάντων, and in the third, where
the inversion of words and the metrical difficulties in the first line
indicate that—if our text is correct—the quotation really begins
with αὐτάρ, we still find πάντων. It seems to me the natural infer-
ence is that Aristotle had πάντων in his text of Hesiod.
(4) The omission in the Metaphysics of verses 118 and 119 is of
no great importance, for there Aristotle quotes only what is neces-
sary to prove his point, namely that Hesiod made "Epuas a ‘first cause.’
But still, as the general subject of this passage is the ‘first causes,’
the omission of Τάρταρα from this list would seem to indicate that,
even if Aristotle had verse 119 in his text of Hesiod, he did not
interpret Τάρταρα as one of the ‘first causes.’ In De Xenophane,
where he quotes at greater length, the addition of verses 118 and 119
would materially change the force of ἕδος and γαῖ᾽. The omission
of these verses by Aristotle, therefore, indicates to my mind that
they were not contained in his Hesiod.
(ὦ In two passages Aristotle gives πάντεσσι μεταπρέπει ἀθα-
νάτοισιν, where the manuscripts of Hesiod read κάλλιστος ἐν
ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι. For the reading of Aristotle we find no support
among ancient authors. It has been thought that Aristotle confused
the verse of Hesiod with this verse of the Homeric Hymns?:
-- 2 y a , 3 ΄
παις ἐμὸς, OS KE θεοῖσι μετάαπρέεποι ἀθανάτοισιν.
That view is perhaps possible; and yet it is not impossible that
Aristotle gives us a variant reading that has elsewhere disappeared.
Taking all of Aristotle’s quotations together, I feel that they are
tolerably accurate. Some differences between the quotations and
the passages quoted are probably due to his carelessness; many are
undoubtedly due to the blunders of scribes; but there is left a
considerable number of differences that are best explained, I think,
as coming from an earlier text tradition than is preserved in the
extant manuscripts of the authors quoted, especially as I have
proved, in a few cases at least, that a difference of text really
existed. Feeling, therefore, that readings offered by Plato and
1 2, 149.
174 George Edwin Howes.
Aristotle must not be rejected merely because they find no support
in the manuscripts of the authors quoted, but must be carefully
considered as possibly giving independent testimony on many matters
of text, let me approach my real subject,—the quotations from
Homer.
II. Quotations FRoM Homer.
Lntroductory.
A very casual reading of a few of the scholia of Homer convinces
us that there were, even in very early times, many manuscripts of
that author. Some of the variants, though they have disappeared
entirely from the body of the text of the extant manuscripts, are
still preserved in the scholia. For example, in a scholion of Ven. A
on Iliad 20, 11, we read: ore Ζηνόδοτος γράφει ἐφίζανον. ... τινὲς
δὲ γράφουσιν évidpavov. In our extant manuscripts we read évé-
avov and ἐφίζξανον, but nowhere éyidpavov. In the scholia in
manuscripts HMQ (Dindorf) on Odyssey 1, 93, we read: τινὲς πέμψω
δ᾽ és Κρήτην re, while the manuscripts of the Odyssey all show
Σπάρτην τε.
Another proof of the antiquity of some of the variants is found in
papyrus fragments, some of which go back to a very old date. I shall
speak of only two of these fragments.
1. A papyrus fragment containing Iliad 24, verses 127-804. Of
the many peculiarities of reading of this fragment let me select two
as examples.
(a) In verse 215 the fragment reads προς. Ven. A and some
other manuscripts read πρὸ; the rest have πρὸς. An interlinear
gloss of Ven. A tells us: οὕτως χωρὶς τοῦ §. The scholiast, then,
knew both of these readings.
(6) In verse 320 the fragment has δια. Ven. A and many other
manuscripts have ὑπὲρ, while the rest have δι. In a marginal
scholion of Ven. A we find: yp. δι᾿ ἄστεος. Both readings, then,
were known to the scholiast. Now this fragment is assigned by
La Roche? to the first century either B.c. or a.D. Hence we see that
1 Homerische Textkritik, p. 430.
Flomeric Quotations tn Plato and Aristotle. 175
some of the Homeric variants are of high antiquity, and were known
to the scholiasts.
2. The other fragment is of considerably greater importance for
us. It is the one discovered recently in Egypt by Flinders Petrie.*
It contains portions of Iliad 11, verses 502-537. Though there remain
only the first letters of some verses and the last letters of others,
the fragment shows remarkable differences when compared with the
traditional readings of the Iliad. Let us note these differences.
(2) Verse 515. Papyrus, πασσων: fl, πάσσειν. Some of the
ancients suspected this verse of Homer, as we see by the scholion in
Ven. A: ἀθετεῖται, ... καὶ ᾿Αριστοφάνης προηθέτει᾽ Ζηνόδοτος δὲ
οὐδὲ ἔγραφεν.
(6) Verse 520. Lapyrus, ws: 11, νῆας.
(c) Verse 528. Papyrus, κειθ um: 71,32 keto’ in.
(2) Verses 529 and 530. Papyrus,? κουροι τ: 7], ἱππῆες and
ἀλλήλους.
Besides, the fragment shows the endings of four verses not found
in our manuscripts of Homer,—between 504 and 505 νοῆσεν,
between 509 and 510 χις eAouvro,* between 513 and 514 vovo, and
between 514 and 515 αλλους" Both Mahaffy® and van Leeuwen’
assign this fragment to the third century B.c. It is undoubtedly
older than any other scrap of Homer that has come down to us, and
offers invaluable suggestions with reference to early traditions of
Homer. It preserves not only variants nowhere given in our Homeric
manuscripts or scholia, but also traces of verses that have been lost
to us. In view of these facts it will be unwise in our present investi-
1 Published by Mahaffy (with other fragments) in Flinders Petrie Papyri,
Dublin, 1891.
2 Cod. Lips., κεῖθ᾽.
8 So Mahaffy; but van Leeuwen says (Mnemosyne 20, 1892, pp. 127-130),
the fragment reads AY IT or AY ITI.
4 Van Leeuwen thinks it is χη edocev.
5 This word, as van Leeuwen says, has been accidentally omitted by Mahaffy in
his transcription.
6 Athenaeum, Dec. 6, 1890, no. 3293, Ρ- 777.
7 Mnemosyne, 20, 1892, p. 127.
176 George Edwin Howes.
gation to reject without consideration any variants offered by ancient
authors, even if they are unsubstantiated by any of our Homeric
manuscripts or scholia.
At last we are ready, I think, to examine thoughtfully the passages
quoted from Homer by Plato and Aristotle. Some of these are only
phrases or parts of verses, but I have included them in the list of
quotations.
Plato's Quotations from Homer.
A. No VARIANTs.
Plato gives many Homeric quotations that in the manuscripts used
by the best editors show no readings different from those in the best
manuscripts of Homer. ‘The minor differences of breathing, accent,
adscript zofa and movable mz I have not considered as variants, for
any manuscript tradition on these points is comparatively modern
and entitled to little consideration. There are fourteen of these
quotations that show no variants.
1. Conviv. 219 A= //. 6, 236:
χρύσεα χαλκείων
The entire verse is quoted by Aristotle.’
2. Phaedo 112 Α Ξξξ 7. 8, 14:
τῆλε μάλ᾽ ἧχι βάθιστον ὑπὸ χθονός ἐστι βέρεθρον"
3. Crat. 392 ΑΞΞ 72. 14, 291:
χαλκίδα κικλήσκουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ κύμινδιν,
‘This verse is quoted thus by Aristotle? also.
4. Rep. 3, 388 C= 1. 18, 54:
ὦμοι ἐγὼ δειλή, ὦμοι δυσαριστοτόκεια.
5. Apol. ,8 Τ ΞξΞ 71, 18, 98:
αὐτίκα, φησί, τεθναίην
6. Gorg. 449 A= 77. 20, 241 and often:
» >
εὐχομαι εἰναι,
1 Eth. Nic. 5, τι (Ρ. 1136} 10).
2 Hist. An. 9, 12 (p. 615 Ὁ 10).
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Artstotle. 177
4. Protag. 340 A=Z/. 21, 308-309:
φίλε κασίγνητε, σθένος ἀνέρος ἀμφότεροί περ
σχῶμεν.
8. Rep. 3, 387 ΑΞΞ.). 23, 100-101:
ψυχὴ δὲ κατὰ χθονός, ἠύτε καπνός,
ᾧχετο τετριγυῖα"
9. Rep. 3,391 B= V7. 23, 151:
Πατρόκλῳ ἥρωι, ἔφη; κόμην ὀπάσαιμι φέρεσθαι,
10. Alcibiad. II) 142 E= Od. 1, 34:
ὑπὲρ μόρον ἄλγε᾽ ἔχουσι.
11. Protag. 315 ΒΞΕ Od. 11, 601:
Tov δὲ per’ εἰσενόησα,
12. Rep. 3, 390 B= Od. 12, 342:
λιμῷ δ᾽ οἴκτιστον θανέειν καὶ πότμον ἐπισπεῖν
13. Lpist. 7, 345 E= Od. 12, 428:
ὄφρ᾽ ἔτι τὴν ὀλοὴν ἀναμετρήσαιμι χάρυβδιν,
14. TZheaetet. 170 E= Od. 16, 121:
μάλα μυρίοι
Β. SLIGHT VARIANTS.
To the list just given may properly be added twenty-one other
passages, in which the variants, whether in the manuscripts of Plato
or Homer, are slight and such as constantly arise from the careless-
ness of scribes.
1. Rep. 3, 389 ΑΞξ 2121, 599-600:
ἄσβεστος δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐνῶρτο γέλως μακάρεσσι θεοῖσιν,
ὡς ἴδον Ἥφαιστον διὰ δώματα ποιπνύοντα.
2. Rep. 3, 389 E= 718.4, 412:
e
τέττα, σιωπῇ yoo, ἐμῷ δ᾽ ἐπιπείθεο μύθῳ,
1 50 Schanz, though the codices of Plato have ὑπέρμορον. The codices of
Homer vary between ὑπὲρ μόρον and ὑπέρμορον. That this difference was felt as a
real variant is seen by schol. MQ (Od.): οὐ σύνθετον τὸ ὑπὲρ μόρον. Cod. B
(Plato) has ἄλγ᾽ ἔχουσιν.
2 Cod. 6, δ᾽ ἐνῶρτο. 8 Cod. A, τέτγα; Ν, σιγῆ.
178 George Edwin Howes.
3. Crat. 415 A= 7.6, 265:
Plat... μή με ἀπογνιώσῃς μένεος.
Hom.? μή μ᾽ ἀπογυιώσῃς μένεος,
4(and 5). Zheaetet. 152 E and Ογαΐ 402 Β Ξε 2.4 14, 201 and 302:
Ὠκεανόν τε θεῶν γένεσιν καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν
6. Rep. 3, 386 D= ZZ" 16, 856-857 and 22, 362-363:
ψυχὴ δ᾽ ἐκ ῥεθέων πταμένη "Αιδόςδε βεβήκει,
ὃν πότμον γοόωσα, λιποῦσ᾽ ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην"
η. Phil® 47 E= 17, 18, 108-109:
πολύφρονά περ χαλεπῆναι,
ὅς τε πολὺ γλυκίων μέλιτος καταλειβομένοιο ---
8. Rep. 3, 386 D= JZ." 20, 64-65 :
οἰκία δὲ θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισι φανείη
σμερδαλέ᾽, εὐρώεντα, τά τε στυγέουσι θεοί περ"
9. Crat. 391 E=J28 20, 74:
ὃν Ἐάνθον, φησί, καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ Σκάμανδρον
10. Rep. 3, 391 A=. 22, 20:
ἢ σ᾽ ἂν τισαίμην, εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη.
11. Leg. 7, 804 A= Od.” 3, 26-28:
Τηλέμαχ᾽, ἄλλα μὲν αὐτὸς ἐνὶ φρεσὶ σῇσι νοήσεις,
ἄλλα δὲ καὶ δαίμων ὑποθήσεται: οὐ γὰρ diw
οὔ σε θεῶν ἀέκητι γενέσθαι τε τραφέμεν τε.
12. Leg. 3, 680 B= Od 9, 112-115:
τοῖσιν δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἀγοραὶ βουληφόροι οὔτε θέμιστες,
ἀλλ᾽ οἵ γ᾽ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων ναίουσι κάρηνα
ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος
παίδων ἠδ᾽ ἀλόχων, οὐδ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἀλέγουσιν.
1 Cod. Τ, ἀπογυώσῃς, emended to ἀπογνιώσῃς.
2 Cod. LO, μένεος δ᾽; G, μένεος τ᾽.
8 Text, γένεσίν φησιν. Cod. T omits φησιν. 4 Cod. H (verse 201), γε.
5 Cod G (verse 857), ἀδροτῆτα ; Cant. Mor., ὁδροτῆτα.
6 Many cod., ws re πάνυ. 7 Many cod., φανήη, with and without zofas.
8 Cod. L Harlei., κάμανδρον. 9 Cod. Ὁ, εἰ μὴ. 10 Cod. K, οὐδὲ θεῶν σ᾽.
1 Cod. I, οἵδ᾽; DFIK, σπέσι; AQ, σπέεσι; K, γλαφυρῇσι; K, παίδων τ᾽.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 179
The words θεμιστεύει... ἀλόχων are so quoted by Aristotle.?
Once? also he refers to them, but with the reading παίδων ἠδ᾽ ἀλόχου.
13. Lep.® 3, 389 D= Οὐ. τῇ, 383-384:
ot δημιοεργοὶ ἔασι,
μάντιν ἢ ἰητῆρα κακῶν ἢ τέκτονα δούρων,
14. Rep. 2, 381 D= Od. 17, 485-486:
θεοὶ ξείνοισιν ἐοικότες ἀλλοδαποῖσι,
παντοῖοι τελέθοντες ἐπιστρωφῶσι πόληας *
15. Soph. 216 C= Οὐ. 17, 486:
ἐπιστρωφῶσι πόληας,
16. Minos,’ 319 B= Οὐ. το, 174:
2 4 ,
ἐνενήκοντα πόληες,
17. Minos,’ 319 B= Od.” 19, 178-179:
τῇσι δέ, φησίν, ἔνι Κνωσσὸς μεγάλη πόλις, ἔνθα τε Μίνως
ἐννέωρος βασίλευε Διὸς μεγάλου ὀαριστής.
18. AZinos, 319 D= Od" 19, 179:
ἐννέωρος βασίλευε Διὸς μεγάλου ὀαριστής,
19. Rep. 4, 441 B= Od.” 20, 17:
στῆθος δὲ πλήξας κραδίην ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ"
20 (and 21). Rep. 3, 390 D, and Phaedo,” 94 D= Od." 20, 17-18:
στῆθος δὲ πλήξας κραδίην ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ
τέτλαθι δὴ κραδίη, καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο ποτ᾽ ἔτλης.
1 Pol. 1, 2 (p. 1252 Ὁ 22). 2 Eth. Nic. το, τὸ (p. 1180a 28).
3 Some cod. have δημιουργοί.
4 Cod. QV, ἔασσι; D, μάντιν γ᾽ (omitting ἢ); HIL, μάντιν γῆ; M, μήλων and
yp. δούρων.
5 Cod. Q, τελέθωσιν; V, τελέθωσι; C, πόλιας. 6 Cod. C, πόλιας.
7 Some cod. have ἐννενήκοντα.
8 Most cod. have ἐνενήκοντα. La Roche edits ἐννήκοντα, which is demanded by
the metre. 9 Many cod., Κνωσός.
10 Many cod., τοῖσι; very many, κνωσσὸς; La Roche edits Κνωσός; A (recent
hand) CL, évvéopos; many, ὀαριστύς; N, ὀαριστεύς ; 8, ὁ ἀριστύς.
11 Cf. note το. 12 Cod. G, στήθεα; H, ἠνίπατε, yp. ἠνίπαπε.
18 A few of the best cod. have ἠνείπαπε.
16 Cod. G, στήθεα ; H, ἠνίπατε, yp. ἠνίπαπε; many cod. omit δὴ; N, ἄλλά.
180 George Edwin Howes.
C. PLATO AGREES WITH THE BEST MANUSCRIPTS OF HOMER, THOUGH
THERE WERE OTHER HOMERIC READINGS.
There are nineteen passages in which the readings of Plato agree
with those of the best manuscripts of Homer, although other Homeric
manuscripts or the scholiasts or Eustathius show that there were
other! readings known to the ancients.
1. Rep. 3, 393 A= LV" 1, 15-16:
καὶ ἐλίσσετο πάντας ᾿Αχαιούς,
᾿Ατρείδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω κοσμήτορε λαῶν
Schol. Ven. A, — ὅτι τινὲς ᾿Ατρείδας.
Though these verses are repeated in Homer,’ the context of Plato
makes it clear that he is referring to the earlier passage, for he says, —
Οἶσθ᾽ οὖν, ὅτι μέχρι μὲν τούτων τῶν ἐπῶν (then comes the quotation)
λέγει τε αὐτὸς 6 ποιητής, a statement that would not be true if it
referred to 74. 1, 374-375.
2. Rep. 3, 389 E= 71, τ, 225:
oivoBapés, κυνὸς ὄμματ᾽ ἔχων, κραδίην δ᾽ ἐλάφοιο
Schol. Ven. A, — ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἠθέτηκεν, ἕως τοῦ
ναὶ μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον (verse 234).
3. Crat. 428 Ξε τ, 343 and 3,* 109:
ἅμα πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω.
Schol. Ven. A (3, 108),—da6 τούτου ἕως τοῦ λεύσσει (Verse 110)
ἀθετοῦνται στίχοι τρεῖς. It is uncertain to which passage of Homer
Plato refers.
4. Hipp. Min. 370 A= 11° 9, 312-313:
ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς ᾿Αίδαο πύλῃσιν,
ὃς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ,
Eustathius seems to have had the reading Bd{y, for twice in
explaining verse 313 he uses the verb βάξω.
1 Under the head of other readings I have included verses which, though they
are preserved in our manuscripts, were rejected by any of the old critics.
2 Cod. A, λίσσετο; and it is so edited by La Roche.
8 71. 1, 374-375. 4 Cod. E, πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω.
5 Cod. G, ἐκεῖνος ; many cod., κεύθει; H, κεύφη.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 181
5. Leg. το, 906 E= 72. 9, 500:
Plat. λοιβῇ τε οἴνου κνίσῃ
Hom.? λοιβῇ τε κνίσῃ
Schol. Ven. Α, --- ἐν ἄλλῳ λοιβῆς τε κνίσης τε.
Though Plato has amplified the expression λοιβῇ τε into λοιβῇ
τε οἴνου, it is clear that he had our manuscript reading of Homer,
for in the Republic ὅ he quotes the verse in full just as we have it in
our Homeric manuscripts.
6. Crat. 428 C= 1+ 9, 644-645:
Alay Avoyevés Τελαμώνιε, κοίρανε λαῶν,
πάντα τί μοι κατὰ θυμὸν ἐείσω μυθήσασθαι.
Schol. Ven. Α, -- ἔν τισι τῶν ὑπομνημάτων διῃρημένως ἐείσα ο.
7 (and 8). Conviv. 174 Ὁ and Protag. 348 D= 74. το, 224:
Plat. (Conviv.) *
Σύν τε δύ᾽, ἔφη, ἐρχομένω πρὸ ὃ τοῦ
Plat. (Protag.) and Homer ®
ow τε δύ᾽ ἐρχομένω, καί τε πρὸ ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν.
Schol. Ven. Α, --- συνερχόμενοι δύο ἀντὶ τοῦ συνερχομένων.
ἔνιοι δὲ μὴ νοήσαντες τὸ ν προστιθέασι, κακῶς.
The first four words of this verse are twice quoted by Aristotle.’
The verse is parodied once by Plato.®
9. Conviv® 214 B= 71. 11, 514:
ἰητρὸς yap ἀνὴρ πολλῶν ἀντάξιος ἄλλων
Schol. Townl., — Ζηνόδοτος δὲ οὐ γράφει: ᾿Αριστοφάνης δὲ ἀθετεῖ.
10. ep. 3, 390 ΟΞξῷ 71. 14, 296:
φίλους λήθοντε τοκῆας
Schol. Ven. A (Τὰ 1, 609), --- λήθοντο.
1 Many cod. have λοιβῇ γε and κνίσσῃ. 2 Many cod. have κνίσσῃ.
8 2, 364 E.
4 Cod. G Mor, kolpav’ ἀχαιῶν; H, δή (for τῇ; EL, ἐείσαο.
5 Best codices, ὁδοῦ (for ὁ τοῦ). 6 Cod. G, ἐρχομένω; Ι, καί τοι.
7 Pol. 3, 16 (p. 1287 Ὁ 14) and Erk. Nic. 8, 1 (p. 1155 ἃ 15).
8 Alcibiad. I7., 140 A. 9 Cod. B, ἰατρὸς.
182 George Edwin Howes.
11. Rep. 3, 391 A= 77. 22, 15:
ἔβλαψάς μ᾽ ἑκάεργε, θεῶν ὀλοώτατε πάντων
Schol. Ven. Β, ---- τινὲς δὲ SoAowrare. Schol. Townl., — οἱ δὲ γρά-
φουσι δολοώτατε. Eustathius (1254, 31), - τινὲς δὲ γράφουσι δολο-
ὦτατε.
12. Rep. 3, 386 D= 7) 23, 103-104:
Ἅ 4 Dp er ” No FA δ ,
ὦ πόποι, ἢ pa Tes ἔστι καὶ εἰν ᾿Αίδαο δόμοισι
Ἂ Ἄ. Ὑ" aN ΄ 3 my Σὰ
ψυχὴ καὶ εἴδωλον, ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι πάμπαν"
Schol. Ven. A (on verse 1ο4),--- ἐνσέσεισται ἐκ τῆς Οδυσσείας ὃ
στίχος. Schol. Townl., — γράφεται δὲ καὶ πᾶσαι.
13. Axtoch. 367 D=J1? 24, 525-526:
ὡς yap ἐπεκλώσαντο θεοὶ δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν,
ζώειν ἀχνυμένοις,
The reading, ἀχνυμένοις, of Plato and most of the manuscripts
of Homer is confirmed by Stobaeus* and Plutarch.* The reading,
ἀχνυμένους, given by two manuscripts of Homer, seems to have
been a real variant, for it is quoted for Homer in one passage of
Stobaeus.®
14. Rep.® 3, 386 C= Od." 11, 489-491:
βουλοίμην κ᾽ ἐπάρουρος ἐὼν θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ
ἀνδρὶ παρ᾽ ἀκλήρῳ, [ᾧ μὴ βίοτος πολὺς εἴη,]
ἢ πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι καταφθιμένοισιν ἀνάσσειν"
Schol. H, — τινὲς δὲ πάρουρος, 6 ἀκόλουθος, οὐκ εὖ. Eustathius
(1695, 36), --- τὸ δὲ βουλήμην κ᾿ ἐπαρουρος διττὴν ἔχει γραφήν. ἢ γὰρ
ἐπάρουρος ... ἢ τρισσυλάβως πάρουρος.
The reading, ἐπάρουρος, is verified by Ρ]αίοῦ again in the Repub-
lic, where he refers to these verses of Homer.
1A few cod., τε; Ὁ, αὐτὰρ. 2 Cod. ES, ἀχνυμένους.
3 Floril. 98, 50 and 98, 75. 4 Moral. τοῦ C.
5 Floril. 124, 14.
6 In the best codices @ ... εἴη is lacking. These words were probably added
by somebody who knew the passage in Homer.
7 Cod. I omits verses 489-535- 8 Rep. 7, 516 Ὁ.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 183
15. Gorg. 526 D= Od? τι, 569:
χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα, θεμιστεύοντα νέκυσσιν.
Schol. H (on verse 568), --- νοθεύεται μέχρι τοῦ ὡς εἰπὼν... εἴσω
(verse 627).
A part of this verse is quoted again by Plato in the Minos.”
16. Char. 161 A= Od. τῇ, 347:
αἰδὼς δ᾽ οὐκ ἀγαθὴ κεχρημένῳ ἀνδρὶ παρεῖναι
Eustath. (1823, 29), — προίκτῃ.
17. Leg. το, 904 E= Od. το, 43:
αὕτη τοι δίκη ἐστὶ θεῶν, ot "ολυμπον ἔχουσιν,
Eustath. (1854, 45), — τινὲς δὲ γράφουσιν, αὐτή τοι δίκη ἐστὶ θεοῦ.
18. Rep. 2, 363 B= Od* 19, 109-113:
ἢ βασιλῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅστε θεουδὴς
εὐδικίας ἀνέχῃσι, φέρῃσι δὲ γαῖα μέλαινα
πυροὺς καὶ κριθάς, BpiOnor δὲ δένδρεα καρπῷ,
τίκτῃ δ᾽ ἔμπεδα .μῆ λα, θάλασσα δὲ παρέχῃ ἰχθῦς.
Schol. Η, --- πάντα, οὐ μῆλα. The omission of verse 110 I
shall consider later.
19. Rep. 1, 334 B= OW. το, 396:
κλεπτοσύνῃ θ᾽ ὅρκῳ τε.
Schol. 1, (LaRoche), — yp. [τε] νόῳ τε (for θ᾽ ὅρκῳ τε).
Ὁ. QuoTATIONS WoVEN INTO THE TEXT.
There are twenty-two passages in which Plato, while weaving a
phrase or a verse of Homer into the structure of his sentence, shows
that he had Homeric readings identical with ours; or at least the
quotation has nothing inconsistent with our readings.
1 Many cod. have νεκύεσσιν; 8, νεκύεσιν.
2319 Ὁ.
3 Cod. A, προίκτῃ (yp. παρεῖναι by a recent hand); G, αἰδὼς δ᾽ οὐκ ἀγαθὴν φησ᾽
ἔμμεναι ἀνδρὶ προίκτῃ; M, yp. φησ᾽ ἔμμεναι ἀνδρὶ προίκτῃ.
4 Very many cod. have τίκτει; M, τίκτει ; ΑἹ, πάντα (for μῆλα) ; H (in margin),
πάντα, ob μῆλα; A (recent hand), yp. μῆλα; many, παρέχει.
184 George Edwin Howes.
1. Conviv. 183 E refers to 71. 2, 71:
Plat. ἅμα yap τῷ τοῦ σώματος ἄνθει λήγοντι, οὗπερ ἦρα, οἴχεται
ἀποπτάμενος,
See π
Hom. ᾧχετ᾽ ἀποπτάμενος, ἐμὲ δὲ γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἀνῆκεν.
2. Alcbiad. 77. 141 D refers to 71. 2, 303:
Plat. οἶμαι δέ σε οὐκ ἀνήκοον εἶναι ἔνιά ye χθιζά τε καὶ
πρωιζὰ γεγενημένα,
Hom.’ χθιζά τε καὶ πρώιζ᾽, ὅτ᾽ ἐς Αὐλίδα νῆες ᾿Αχαιῶν
3. LPhaedr, 260 A refers to 71.2.2, 361:
Plat. Οὔτοι ἀπόβλητον ἔπος εἶναι δεῖ,
Hom. οὔ τοι ἀπόβλητον ἔπος ἔσσεται, ὅττί κεν εἴπω"
4. Alcibiad. Δ 132 A refers to 71. 2, 547:
Plat. εὐπρόσωπος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ μεγαλήτορος δῆμος ᾿Βρεχθέως"
Hom. δῆμον Ἔρεχθῆος μεγαλήτορος, ὅν ποτ᾽ ᾿Αθήνη
In the passage in Plato the epic form has been changed to the
Attic ᾿Ερεχθέως. Such a change — common in the manuscripts of
Plato — is generally due, I think, to’scribes. Here, however, as Plato
rather hints at the passage than quotes it, he may well have used the
form ’Epex@éws himself.
5. Theaetet. 194 E refers either to 71. 2, 851 or to 7. τό, 554:
Plat. Ὅταν τοίνυν λάσιόν Tov τὸ κῆρ ἢ), ὃ δὴ ἐπήνεσεν 6 πάσσοφος
ποιητής,
Hom. (/7. 2, 851) Παφλαγόνων δ᾽ ἡγεῖτο Πυλαιμένεος λάσιον Kip
Hom. (71. 16,554) ὦρσε Μενοιτιάδεω Πατροκλῆος λάσιον κῆρ᾽
6. Zheaetet. 183 E refers to 72. 3, 172:
Plat. Παρμενίδης δέ μοι φαίνεται, τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου, αἰδοῖός τέ
μοι εἶναι ἅμα δεινός τε.
Hom. αἰδοῖός τέ μοί ἐσσι φίλε ἑκυρὲ δεινός Te:
1 Cod. G, πρωιζὰ; C, προίζ᾽.
2 Cod. DGH, οὔτι.
8 Cod. κέαρ.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 185
4. Alcibiad. If, 150D refers to 71, 5, 127-128:
Plat! ἀλλὰ δοκεῖ μοι, ὥσπερ τῷ Διομήδει φησὶν τὴν ᾿Αθηνᾶν
Ὅμηρος ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἀφελεῖν τὴν ἀχλύν, ὄφρ᾽
εὖ γιγνώσκοι ἠμὲν θεὸν ἠδὲ καὶ ἄνδρα,
Hom.? ἀχλὺν δ᾽ αὖ τοι ἀπ᾿ ὀφθαλμῶν ἕλον, ἢ πρὶν ἐπῆεν,
ὄφρ᾽ εὖ γιγνώσκῃς ἠμὲν θεὸν ἠδὲ καὶ ἄνδρα.
Schol. Ven. Α, -- ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος γράφει ἠμὲν θεὸν 78° ἄνθρωπον.
8. Crat. 407 D refers to 72. 5, 221--222:
Plat. περὶ δὲ ἄλλων ὧν τινων βούλει πρόβαλλέ μοι, ὄφρα ἴδηαι
οἷοι ἘΕὐθύφρονος ἵπποι.
Hom. ἀλλ᾽ ἄγ᾽ ἐμῶν ὀχέων ἐπιβήσεο, ὄφρα ἴδηαι,
οἷοι Τρώιοι ἵπποι, ἐπιστάμενοι πεδίοιο
9. Rep. 5, 468 D refers to 7/7. 7, 321:
Plat. καὶ yap Ὅμηρος τὸν εὐδοκιμήσαντα ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ νώτοι-
σιν Αἴαντα ἔφη διηνεκέεσσι γεραίρεσθαι,
Hom. νώτοισιν δ᾽ Αἴαντα διηνεκέεσσι γέραιρεν
ἢ
10. Lpist. 7, 344D refers to ..7, 7, 360 or 27. 12, 234:
Plat. ἐξ ἄρα δή of ἔπειτα, θεοὶ μὲν οὔ, βροτοὶ δὲ φρένας ὥλεσαν
αὐτοί.
Hom. ἐξ ἄρα δή τοι ἔπειτα θεοὶ φρένας ὥλεσαν αὐτοί.
The author of this Epistle has changed the second person τοι to
the third person oi, to adapt the quotation to his purpose.
I might note the interjection of the expression μὲν ov, βροτοὶ
δέ, which interrupts the metre.
τι. Crito 44 A refers to //. 9, 363:
Plat.® Ἐδόκει τίς μοι γυνὴ ... καλέσαι με καὶ εἰπεῖν: ὦ Σώκρατες,
ἥματί κεν τριτάτῳ Φθίην ἐρίβωλον ἵκοιο.
Hom. ἤἥματί κε τριτάτῳ Φθίην ἐρίβωλον ἱκοίμην.
1 Cod. Β, γινώσκοι.
2 (οά. L, γιγνώσκοις; A and some others, γινώσκοις; H, γινώσκηξ; several,
γινώσκῃς.
8 Cod. D, Φθοίην; B, Φθκην.
4 Cod. D, φθίην δ᾽.
186
George Edwin Howes.
12. Gorg. 485 D refers to //. 9, 441:
Plat. τὰς ἀγοράς, ἐν als ἔφη ὁ ποιητὴς τοὺς ἄνδρας ἀριπρεπεῖς
γίγνεσθαι,
Hom.? οὐδ᾽ ἀγορέων, ἵνα τ᾿ ἄνδρες ἀριπρεπέες τελέθουσι.
13. Conviv. 179 A refers either to 71. 10, 482 or to 7.1. 15, 262:
4 ε a “4 cal | me é ΄ ‘ > an Δ.
Plat. ὥστε ὁμοῖον εἶναι τῷ ἀρίστῳ φύσει, καὶ ἀτεχνῶς, ὃ ἔφη
Ὅμηρος, μένος ἐμπνεῦσαι ἐνίοις τῶν ἡρώων τὸν θεόν,
Hom. (71. το, 482) ὡς φάτο, τῷ δ᾽ ἔμπνευσε μένος γλαυκῶπις ᾿Αθήνη;
Hom. (71. 15, 262)? ὡς εἰπὼν ἔμπνευσε μένος μέγα ποιμένι λαῶν.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Rep. 8, 566 C refers either to 71. 16, 776 or to Ow. 24, 40:
Plat. Ὁ δὲ δὴ προστάτης ἐκεῖνος αὐτὸς δῆλον δὴ ὅτι μέγας
μεγαλωστὶ οὐ κεῖται,
Hom. (11) κεῖτο μέγας μεγαλωστί, λελασμένος ἱπποσυνάων.
Hom. (Od.)® κεῖσο μέγας μεγαλωστὶ λελασμένος ἱπποσυνάων.
Conviv. 174. Β refers to 727. 17, 587-588:
Plat. ποιήσας yap τὸν ᾿Αγαμέμνονα διαφερόντως ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα τὰ
πολεμικά, τὸν δὲ Μενέλεων μαλθακὸν αἰχμητήν,
Hom.‘ οἷον δὴ Μενέλαον ὑπέτρεσας, ὃς τὸ πάρος περ
μαλθακὸς αἰχμητής" νῦν δ᾽ οἴχεται οἷος ἀείρας
Rep. 3, 388 A refers to 71. 18, 23-24:
Plat. Πάλιν δὴ Ὁμήρου τε δεησόμεθα... μὴ ποιεῖν ᾿Αχιλλέα,
θεᾶς παῖδα, ... μηδὲ ἀμφοτέρῃσι χερσὶν ἑλόντα
κόνιν αἰθαλόεσσαν χευάμενον κὰκ κεφαλῆς"
Hom. ἀμφοτέρῃσι δὲ χερσὶν ἑλὼν κόνιν αἰθαλόεσσαν
χεύατο κὰκ κεφαλῆς, χαρίεν δ᾽ ἤσχυνε πρόσωπον᾽
Rep. 5, 388 B refers to 7. 22, 414-415:
Plat.6 μηδὲ Πρίαμον ἐγγὺς θεῶν γεγονότα λιτανεύοντά τε καὶ
κυλινδόμενον κατὰ κόπρον, ἐξονομακλήδην ὀνο-
μάζοντ᾽ ἄνδρα ἕκαστον.
1 Cod. GL, ἀγοράων; D, τελέθωσι.
2 Cod. L omits this verse; Vrat b A, ἔπνευσε. 8 Cod. DL, μεγαλοστὶ.
4 Cod. H, trérperoas; A, πάρος γε.
5 Some cod. have κυλινδούμενον ; some cod., κόπρον.
18.
19.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 187
Hom.! πάντας δὲ Aurdveve κυλινδόμενος κατὰ κόπρον,
ἐξονομακλήδην ὀνομάζων ἄνδρα ἕκαστον"
Protag. 309 A refers either to 212 24, 348 or to Od. 10, 279:
Plat. οὐ σὺ μέντοι Ὁμήρου ἐπαινέτης εἶ, ὃς ἔφη χαριεστάτην
ἤβην εἶναι τοῦ ὑπηνήτου,
Hom. πρῶτον ὑπηνήτῃ, τοῦ περ χαριεστάτη ἤβη.
Phaedr. 266 B refers to Od. 5, 193:
Plat. τοῦτον διώκω κατόπισθε μετ᾽ ἴχνιον date θεοῖο.
Hom. καρπαλίμως ὃ δ᾽ ἔπειτα μετ᾽ ἴχνια βαῖνε θεοῖο.
At first sight Plato’s words seem inconsistent with those of Homer.
The differences, however, are easily explicable. The expression
τοῦτον διώκω, while not attempting to reproduce βαῖνε, takes the
place of it. The use of ἔχνιον in the singular avoids a hiatus before
ὦστε and preserves the rhythm. The word ὥστε is used to sug-
gest the comparison. The epic genitive θεοῖο is sufficient to show
that Plato had this verse in mind.
20.
Rep. 7, 516 Ὁ refers to Od. 11, 489-491:
Plat. ἢ τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ἂν πεπονθέναι καὶ σφόδρα βούλεσθαι
ἐπάρουρον ἐόντα θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ ἀνδρὶ παρ᾽
ἀκλήρῳ
Hom.* βουλοίμην x’ ἐπάρουρος ἐὼν θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ,
ἀνδρὶ παρ᾽ ἀκλήρῳ, ᾧ μὴ βίοτος πολὺς εἴη,
Protag. 315 D refers to Od. 11, 582:
Plat.’ Kai μὲν δὴ καὶ Τάνταλόν ye εἰσεῖδον.
6
Hom.’ καὶ μὴν Τάνταλον εἰσεῖδον χαλέπ᾽ ἄλγε᾽ ἔχοντα,
1 Cod. Vrat A, ἐλιτάνευσε.
2 Cod. S, πρώτῳ.
8 Cod. N, πρώτω; QV, xapiéoraros; A (recent hand), yp. δὴ (for τοῦ περ).
4 For
variant readings and scholia cf. above p. 182, where this passage has
already been given.
5 Cod. BT, εἴσιδον, but B with a note in the margin to indicate that there is a
mistake.
ὁ Cod. H (first hand) K, καί μιν; C, τάνταλόν τ᾽ εἴσιδον ; many cod., κρατέρ᾽ (for
χαλέπ᾽).
188 George Edwin Howes.
22. Laches 201 B refers to Od. 17, 347:
Plat. τὸν Ὅμηρον δοκεῖ μοι χρῆναι προβάλλεσθαι, ὃς ἔφη
οὐκ ἀγαθὴν εἶναι αἰδῶ κεχρημένῳ ἀνδρὶ παρεῖναι.
Hom. αἰδὼς δ᾽ οὐκ ἀγαθὴ κεχρημένῳ ἀνδρὶ παρεῖναι.
This verse is quoted exactly in the Charmides.?
E. ATTIC FOR Epic Worps.
In a few passages the readings of the manuscripts of Plato agree
with those of the manuscripts of Homer, except that a few Attic
have been substituted for epic forms. As Plato in quoting these or
similar passages elsewhere has sometimes given the real epic form,
we must attribute these Atticisms not to him, but to the scribes.
1. Laches 191 A=J13 5, 223 and 71. 8, 107:
Plat. καὶ Ὅμηρός που ἐπαινῶν τοὺς τοῦ Αἰνείου ἵππους κραιπνὰ
μάλ᾽ ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ἔφη αὐτοὺς ἐπίστασθαι διώκειν ἠδὲ
φέβεσθαι-
Hom. κραιπνὰ μάλ᾽ ἔνθὰ, καὶ ἔνθα διωκέμεν ἠδὲ φέβεσθαι-
The confusion of such forms as διώκειν and διωκέμεν in the
manuscripts of Homer is too common to call for comment here.
The form διώκειν in Plato may well be attributed to a scribe.
2. Soph. 268 D= /14 6, 211 and 77. 20, 241:
Plat. ταύτης τῆς γενεᾶς τε Kal αἵματος
Hom. ταύτης τοι γενεῆς τε καὶ αἵματος εὔχομαι εἶναι.
The form κραδίην is similar in its declension to γενεῆς. The
former is quoted by Plato in the Republic® from the Iliad,® and also
in another passage of the Republic’ from the Odyssey.® So Plato
surely was familiar with this epic or Ionic declension. Besides, in
a passage of the Republic® where the same phrase is found, many
1 Cf. above p. 183, where the variants of this verse are given in full.
2161 A. 3 Cod. G, pever Oar.
4 Cod. G, δὴ (for rot); D, γενεᾶς (here, too, probably through a fault of the
copyist); H Cant, καὶ (for re καὶ); L, τοι καὶ; Lips, Mosc. 3, καὶ εὔχομαι αἵματος
εἶναι.
5 3, 389 E. 6 1, 225. T 4, 4418. 8 20, 17. 98, 547 A.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 189
manuscripts show ταύτης τοι γενεῆς. The natural supposition, there-
fore, is that a scribe of Plato’s manuscript has changed the epic
γενεῆς to the Attic γενεᾶς. The same scribe or another may then
have changed τοι to τῆς, that the full Attic usage might be shown.
That Plato himself was not responsible for this change from rox to
τῆς, is evident from the passage in the Republic?! just cited, where
we find the Homeric expression ταύτης tou γενεᾶς (or γενεῆς).
3. Κῴ. 2, 364 D= LZ. 9, 497-501:
Plat.? στρεπτοὶ δέ τε καὶ θεοὶ αὐτοί,
καὶ τοὺς μὲν θυσίαισι καὶ εὐχωλαῖς ἀγαναῖσι
λοιβῇ τε κνίσῃ τε παρατρωπῶσ᾽ ἄνθρωποι
λισσόμενοι, ὅτε κέν τις ὑπερβήῃ καὶ ἁμάρτῃ.
Hom.? νηλεὲς ἦτορ ἔχειν: στρεπτοὶ δέ τε καὶ θεοὶ αὐτοί,
τῶν περ καὶ μείζων ἀρετὴ τιμή τε βίη τε.
καὶ μὲν τοὺς θυέεσσι καὶ εὐχωλῇς ἀγανῇσι
λοιβῇ τε κνίσῃ τε παρατρωπῶσ᾽ ἄνθρωποι
λισσόμενοι, ὅτε κέν τις ὑπερβήῃ καὶ ἁμάρτῃ.
To verse 500 Plato refers in the Laws.* Of the omission of verse
498 I shall speak later. Perhaps a possible explanation of θυσίαισι
is that a copyist has carelessly written the more common Attic word
in place of the epic and poetic θύος. Then the metre may have
helped to produce the poetic or old Attic ending asow The μὲν
τούς of Homer has suffered inversion in Plato through somebody’s
carelessness. The form edxwAats may be explained as an Atticism.
4. Rep. 3, 388 C= V7. 16, 433-434:
Plat. at at ἐγών, ὅτε μοι Σαρπηδόνα φίλτατον ἀνδρῶν
Μοῖρ᾽ ὑπὸ Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο δαμῆναι.
Hom.’ ὦ μοι ἐγών, ὅ τέ μοι Σαρπηδόνα, φίλτατον ἀνδρῶν,
μοῖρ᾽ ὑπὸ Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο δαμῆναι.
18, 547 A.
2 Many cod. (verse 497), ve (for re); many cod., λιστοὶ δὲ (before στρεπτοὶ) ;
some cod., ἀγανῇσι; Flor. x, εὐχωλῇς.
3 Cod. L, τρεπτοὶ; G, εὐχωλαῖσιν ἀγαναῖσι; A, εὐχωλῆισ᾽; CEGHL, κνίσσῃ;
G, παρατρωπῶσιν; H, ὑπερβίη; L, ὑπερβείη καὶ ἁμάρτοι. Schol. Ven. A, — ἐν ἄλλῳ
λοίβης τε κνίσης τε. 4 10, 906 E. 5 Cod. H, μιν.
190 George Edwin Howes.
We see from this same section of Plato — Republic 3, 388 C —
where we read ὦμοι ἐγὼ δειλή, ὦμοι δυσαριστοτόκεια, that the
exclamation ὦμοι was known to Plato as Homeric; so I suspect
that the un-Homeric α ai is to be attributed to some scribe, who
has substituted this common Attic form.
5. Minos 319 D= Od. τι, 569:
Plat. χρυσοῦν σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα
Ἡοπι. χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα; θεμιστεύοντα νέκυσσιν,
Here we may consider either that Plato meant merely to refer to
the words of Homer, without quoting them exactly, or—as seems to
me more probable — that the Attic form χρυσοῦν is due to a scribe.?
For in the Gorgias® Plato quotes the entire verse of Homer just as
our Homeric manuscripts give it.
6. Rep. 3, 387 A= Od. 24, 6-9:
Plat. ὡς δ᾽ dre νυκτερίδες μυχῷ ἄντρου θεσπεσίοιο
τρίζουσαι ποτέονται, ἐπεί κέ τις ἀποπέσῃσιν
ὁρμαθοῦ ἐκ πέτρης, ἀνά τ᾽ ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται,
ὡς αἱ τετριγυῖαι ἅμ᾽ ἤσαν.
Hom. ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε νυκτερίδες μυχῷ ἄντρου θεσπεσίοιο
τρίζουσαι ποτέονται, ἐπεί κέ τις ἀποπέσῃσιν
δρμαθοῦ ἐκ πέτρης, ἀνά τ᾽ ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται,
Gs at τετριγυῖαι ἅμ᾽ ἤισαν" ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν
Here, too, I think we may say with great probability that a scribe
has changed the epic ἤισαν --- quoted by Plato from Homer — to
the doubtful Attic qeoav.
F. PLato’s VARIANTS SUBSTANTIATED.
In a few passages, where Plato has given us readings different
from those of the traditional Homeric text, we find the most impor-
tant variants of Plato substantiated either by some of the manu-
1 Many cod. have νεκύεσσιν; S, νεκύεσιν.
2 We might compare ᾧκουν for ᾧκεον (Leg. 3, 681 E= 71. 20, 218).
3 526 D. ἀνά
4 Cod. A, τρύζουσαι; KS, dua; M, ἅμα; ADL, ἀλλήλοισιν; Μ, ἕπονται with
ἔχονται above); A, Terpvyviat.
flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. IQI
scripts of Homer or by scholia of these manuscripts or by ancient
authors.
1. Hipp. Min. 365 ΑΙ'ΞΞ 72. 9, 308-314:
Platt Acoyevés Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχαν᾽ ᾿Οδυσσεῦ,
χρὴ μὲν δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποειπεῖν,
ὥσπερ δὴ κρανέω τε καὶ ὡς τελέεσθαι dia,
ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς ᾿Αίδαο πύλῃσιν,
ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ.
αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω, ὡς καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται.
Hom.? διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχαν ᾿Οδυσσεῦ,
χρὴ μὲν δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποειπεῖν,
n περ δὴ φρονέω τε καὶ ὡς τετελεσμένον ἔσται,
ὡς μή μοι τρύζητε παρήμενοι ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος.
ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς ᾿Αίδαο πύλῃσιν,
ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ.
αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα"
There are several points in this passage that demand discussion.
(2) ὥσπερ. We note that all the manuscripts of Plato, with one
exception, read ὥσπερ, while all of the manuscripts of Homer,
together with one of Plato, read ἧ wep. It may be that in this
one manuscript of Plato has been preserved his original reading
9 wep, identical with that of Homer, but there are certain facts that
discredit this view. For, as we shall see presently, this passage of
Plato undoubtedly shows some old variants. Besides, the one manu-
script of Plato that reads 7 rep is the only one that agrees with the
Homeric manuscripts in reading τετελεσμένον ἔσται; so I suspect
that it has been revised to agree with Homer, especially as it shows
many other remarkable agreements with Homeric manuscripts. So
it is quite possible that ὥσπερ is an old variant.
1Cod. S, ἥπερ (for ὠσπερ); S, ἢ yp. (for ὡς, verse 310); W, τετελέεσθαι (for
τελέεσθαι); S, τετελεσμένον ἔσται (for τελέεσθαι). A variant reading, as often, is
κεύθει (for κεύθῃ).
3 Cod. D omits δὴ (verse 309); A and many others, κρανέω (for φρονέω) ;
C (second hand), yp. φρονέω; D, ἐστί (verse 310); E, τρύζοιτε; D, τροίζητε;
A Townl., παρήμενος; A, yp. παρήμενοι; many cod., κεύθει; H, κεύφη ; many cod.,
ἐρέω Ws καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται (verse 314).
192 George Edwin Howes.
(4) xpavéw. All the manuscripts of Plato give κρανέω, while
those of Homer give κρανέω or φρονέω. Both readings are recog-
nized by Eustathius (751, 5), --- xpavéw ἢ φρονέω, διχῶς yap γρά-
φεται. Aristarchus favored φρονέω, for in Schol. Ven. A we read, —
᾿Αρίσταρχος ἧπερ δὴ φρονέω, and in Townl.,—ai ᾿Αριστάρχου φρονέω.
(ὃ τελέεσθαι ὀίω. The best manuscripts of Plato read τελέ-
εσθαι ὀίω, while the Homeric manuscripts have τετελεσμένον
ἔσται. This Homeric reading is supported, as I have said, by one
manuscript of Plato. If that correctly represents Plato’s original
reading, then the two authors agree and no discussion is necessary.
But the weight of evidence points to a real Homeric variant, τελ έ-
εσθαι ὀΐω. For in verse 314 Plato’s manuscripts read τετελεσμένον
ἔσται, which is supported as a variant by many manuscripts of
Homer, and by a scholion in Ven. A, — ἐν ἄλλῳ ὡς καὶ τετελεσμένον
ἔσται. It seems unlikely that two verses so near together should
have the same ending, and so I think that τελέεσθαι ὀίω is the
right reading for Plato in verse 310 and represents an old variant of
Homer, which Plato has here preserved.
(4) Of the omission of verse 311 I shall speak later.
(6) καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται (verse 314). While most of the
manuscripts of Homer show μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα, the reading
of the manuscripts of Plato is καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται, which is
supported by many manuscripts of Homer, and by the scholion of
Ven. A, —év ἄλλῳ ὡς καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται.
Taking the passage as a whole, I think that the variants of Plato
gain sufficient confirmation from the manuscripts and scholia of
Homer, to entitle the whole quotation to our thoughtful considera-
tion, as probably representing an early version of Homer.
2. Lipp. Min. 371 B=T2. 9, 650-655:
Plat.’ οὐ γὰρ πρὶν πολέμοιο μεδήσομαι αἱματόεντος,
πρίν γ᾽ υἱὸν Πριάμοιο δαίφρονος, Ἕκτορα δῖον,
Μυρμιδόνων ἐπί τε κλισίας καὶ νῆας ἱκέσθαι
κτείνοντ᾽ ᾿Αργείους, κατά τε φλέξαι πυρὶ νῆας"
ἀμφὶ δέ μιν τῇ ᾿μῇ κλισίῃ καὶ νηὶ μελαίνῃ
Ἕκτορα καὶ μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀίω.
υ
1 Cod. 8, σμύξαι; Vindob. suppl. 7, φλέξαι.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 193
Hom.) οὐ yap πρὶν πολέμοιο μεδήσομαι αἱματόεντος,
πρίν γ᾽ υἱὸν ἸΤριάμοιο δαίφρονος, Ἕκτορα δῖον,
Μυρμιδόνων ἐπί τε κλισίας καὶ νῆας ἱκέσθαι
κτείνοντ᾽ ᾿Αργείους, κατά τε σμύξαι πυρὶ νῆας.
ἀμφὶ δέ τοι τῇ ἐμῇ κλισίῃ καὶ νηὶ μελαίνῃ
Ἕκτορα καὶ μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀίω.
That the reading φλέξαι, given by the manuscripts of Plato, is a
real Homeric variant, is shown from the scholion in Ven. A, — οὕτως
σμύξαι ᾿Αρίσταρχος. olde δὲ καὶ τὴν φλέξαι γραφήν. ὅτι yp. Kal κατά
τε φλέξαι. The word μιν is due perhaps to carelessness on the
part of the scribe. The difference between ᾿μῇ and ἐμῇ is too
slight and too common to call for comment.
3. Axioch. 367 D= 74. 17, 446-447:
Plat. οὐ μὲν γάρ τί ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν οἰζυρώτερον ἀνδρός
πάντων ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἐπιπνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει.
Hom.? οὐ μὲν γάρ τί πού ἐστιν οἰζυρώτερον ἀνδρὸς
πάντων, ὅσσά τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει.
That the reading ποτ᾽ of Plato is probably correct for that author
is shown by Stobaeus,’? who quotes these very words from Plato. In
another passage,* where he gives the same words, Stobaeus seems to
be quoting directly from Homer. If that is so, he helps to show that
mor may be an old variant for Homer.
4. Leg. 3, 681 E= 72. 20, 217-218:
Plat. ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων,
ἀλλ᾽ ἐθ᾽ ὑπωρείας ᾧκουν πολυπιδάκου Ἴδης.
Hom.’ ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων,
ἀλλ᾽ ἐθ᾽ ὑπωρείας ἤᾧκεον πολυπίδακος Ἴδης.
The change from ᾧκεον to ᾧκουν is undoubtedly the work of a
scribe.® That Plato’s manuscripts had ᾧκεον in early times is clear
from the fact that Strabo” thus quotes from Plato:
1 Cod. 6, cular; L, dpyelous re κατασμύξαι ; some cod., μῆι or μῇ.
2 Cod. H Vrat d, olgupérepov; D, ὅσα.
8 Floril. 98, 75. 4 Floril. 98, 51.
5 Cod. G, ἀλλ᾽ ἔθ᾽; E, ᾧκουν ; many cod., πολυπιδάκου.
® We have had a similar example of contraction in χρυσοῦν in Afinos, 319 D=
Od. τι, 569; cf. above p. 190. 713, 1, 25 (Ὁ §93).
194 George Edwin Howes.
ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων,
ἀλλ᾽ ἔθ᾽ ὑπωρείας ᾧκεον πολυπιδάκου Ἴδης.
This quotation of Strabo shows also that Plato wrote πολυπιδά-
κου. That this was a variant of Homer we know both from the
manuscripts and from Schol. Ven. A, — yp. πολυπιδάκου.
5. Lysis, 214 A= ΟἿ, τῇ, 218:
Plat. αἰεί τοι τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον
Hom.! ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον.
This same verse is quoted three times by Aristotle. In two
instances? his manuscripts agree with those of Homer, but in the
third® case he gives the same reading as Plato. It looks, therefore,
as if there might have been, even in early times, a variation between
αἰεί τοι and ὡς αἰεί.
6. Leg. 6, 777 A= Od. τῇ, 322-323:
Platt ἡμισυ γάρ τε νόου, φησίν, ἀπαμείρεται εὐρύοπα Ζεύς
ἀνδρῶν, ods ἂν δὴ κατὰ δούλιον ἦμαρ ἕλῃσι.
Hom. ἥμισυ γάρ τ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἀποαίνυται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς
ἀνέρος, εὖτ᾽ ἄν μιν κατὰ δούλιον ἦμαρ ἕλῃσιν.
At first sight it would seem as if the only explanation of the great
difference between the quotation and the apparent original, would be
to suppose a serious lapse of memory on the part of Plato. Fortu-
nately for our investigation, and fortunately for a better idea of a
possible explanation of such differences generally, we have the testi-
mony of both Athenaeus® and Eustathius, to show that Plato is here
giving an old variant, of which there is no trace in the manuscripts
or scholia of Homer. Athenaeus, to be sure, is quoting from Plato,
and really substantiates the correctness of the text of Plato alone;
but he seems to have accepted Plato’s text as a correct Homeric
quotation. Besides, we read in Eustathius (1766, 55), --- ἥμισυ γάρ
τ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἀπαμείρεται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς ἀνδρῶν, ods ἂν δὴ καὶ ἑξῆς, ὅπερ
1 Cod. CDKL, és (for the second ws); Μ, é-
2 Eth. Eud. 7,1 (p. 1235a 7) and Rhet. 1, 11 (p. 1371 Ὁ 16).
8 Mag. Moral. 2, 11 (p. 1208b 10).
4 Cod. A (first hand), ἀπαμείβεται.
5 6, 264.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 195
σημαίνει ὅτι παρά τισιν ἄλλοις εὕρηται κατ᾽ ἑτεροίαν γραφήν, ἥμισυ γάρ τε
νόου ἀπαμείρεται. With this testimony before him even La Roche,
who in his text of Homer feels obliged to follow the Homeric manu-
scripts, is forced to admit, — “id vero negari non potest, Platonem
et Athenaeum in Homero suo scriptum reperisse γάρ τε νόου ἀπα-
petperar... ἀνδρῶν οὗς ἂν δή."
G. NEW READINGS IN PLATO.
Now we come to those quotations from Homer which, although
in individual variants they receive some confirmation from other
sources, in general may be said to offer readings not elsewhere sub-
stantiated. These passages, however, should be viewed in the light
of the points already discussed. Note, for example, the passage just
dismissed. From a chance quotation of Athenaeus and from a
remark of Eustathius, we are able to maintain a position that might
otherwise have seemed untenable. A very easy explanation of the
following passages is to assume that Plato by quoting from memory
has wrongly given readings that never existed as real Homeric
variants. Now, although that supposition may be true in some
instances, it must not be assumed beforehand. In fact, I think that,
in view of the many passages already discussed in which Plato has
evidently quoted with accuracy, it is fairer to assume — unless we
find strong evidence to the contrary — that Plato, whether he quoted
from memory or not, has given what was in his text of Homer. In
some of the following passages there is not much to be said, except
to note the points of difference between the quotation and the
accepted text of Homer.
1. Lipp. Min. 370 C= f7. 1, 169-171:
Plat. νῦν δ᾽ εἶμι Φθίηνδ᾽, ἐπειὴ πολὺ λώιόν ἐστιν
" 95}Κ N \ , 207 9. 9»
οἴκαδ᾽ ἴμεν σὺν νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὐδέ σ᾽ ὀΐω
ἐνθάδ᾽ ἄτιμος ἐὼν ἄφενος καὶ πλοῦτον ἀφύξειν.
Hom.’ νῦν δ᾽ εἶμι Φθίην δ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστιν
᾿ 74 \ N , 297 ».5)
οἴκαδ᾽ ἴμεν σὺν νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὐδέ σ᾽ ὀΐω
ἐνθάδ᾽ ἄτιμος ἐὼν ἄφενος καὶ πλοῦτον ἀφύξειν.
1In his Adnotatio Critica on this passage.
2 A few cod. have ddevov.
196 George Edwin Howes.
2. Rep. 3, 389 E= 27, 3, 8 and 4, 431:
Plat. ἴσαν μένεα πνείοντες ᾿Αχαιοί,
σιγῇ δειδιότες σημάντορας,
Hom. (7.3, 8) οἱ δ᾽ dp’ ἴσαν σιγῇ μένεα πνείοντες ᾿Αχαιοὶ
Hom.! (Z2. 4, 431) σιγῇ δειδιότες σημάντορας : ἀμφὶ δὲ πᾶσι
It seems to me it would be unfair to Plato’s education and scholar-
ship, to assume that he has ignorantly brought together two verses
that belong to different books of the Iliad. More natural is it to
think that these two parts of verses were given to illustrate the point
under discussion, namely the proper relation of men to their leaders.
The absence of σιγῇ may be due either to Plato, who may have
preferred not to use the same word in two successive lines of his
dialogue, or, as seems to me more likely, to a scribe, who on seeing
two examples of σιγῇ may have thought one of them a mistake of
his predecessor.
3. Rep. 2,379 E= ZZ. 4, 84:
Plat. οὐδ᾽ ws ταμίας ἡμῖν Ζεὺς
ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε τέτυκται.
Hom.” Ζεύς, ὅς τ᾿ ἀνθρώπων ταμίης πολέμοιο τέτυκται.
This seems to represent an entirely different version from the
traditional Homeric text.
4. Rep. 3, 408 ΑΞΞ Δ. 4, 218:
Plat. ἢ οὐ μέμνησαι, ὅτι καὶ τῷ Μενέλεῳ ἐκ τοῦ τραύματος οὗ 6
Πάνδαρος ἔβαλεν αἷμ᾽ ἐκμυζήσαντ᾽ ἐπί τ᾽ ἤπια φάρμακ᾽
ἔπασσον,
Hom. αἷμ᾽ ἐκμυζήσας ἐπ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἤπια φάρμακα εἰδὼς
πάσσε,
Apart from the verbal differences of these two passages, Plato
gives us an entirely different account. According to the traditional
version Machaon, after sucking the blood from the wound of Mene-
laus, applies an ointment. Plato, evidently through carelessness,
makes Machaon and his brother attend to the wound.
1 Cod. H, δεδιότες.
2 Cod. M, ἀνθρώποις ; G, ταμίας.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 197
5. Rep. 5, 468 D= 77! 8, 162 and /2? 12, 311:
Plat. καὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἔν τε θυσίαις καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις πᾶσι τοὺς
ἀγαθοὺς, καθ᾽ ὅσον ἂν ἀγαθοὶ φαίνωνται, καὶ ὕμνοις καὶ
οἷς νῦν δὴ ἐλέγομεν τιμήσομεν, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἕδραις
τε καὶ κρέασιν ἰδὲ πλείοις δεπάεσσιν,
Hom. ἕδρῃ τε κρέασίν τε ἰδὲ πλείοις δεπάεσσι"
Since these words of Plato are not metrical, we must consider that
he is giving the substance of the passage and not quoting, for we find
here in Plato changes, additions and subtractions, as compared with
the original Homer.
6. Hipp. Min. 370 B= 2. 9, 357-363:
Plat.2 αὔριον ἱρὰ Aut ῥέξας, φησί, καὶ πᾶσι θεοῖσιν,
νηήσας εὖ νῆας, ἐπὴν ἅλαδε προερύσσω,
ὄψεαι, αἴ κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσθα καὶ αἴ κέν τοι τὰ μεμήλῃ,
ἦρι μάλ᾽ ἙἝλλήσποντον ἐπ᾽ ἰχθυόεντα πλεούσας
νῆας ἐμάς, ἐν δ᾽ ἄνδρας ἐρεσσέμεναι μεμαῶτας "
εἰ δέ κεν εὐπλοίην δώῃ κλυτὸς ᾿Εννοσίγαιος,
ἡματί κεν τριτάτῳ Φθίην ἐρίβωλον ἱκοίμην.
Hom.* αὔριον ἱρὰ Διὶ ῥέξας καὶ πᾶσι θεοῖσι,
νηήσας εὖ νῆας, ἐπὴν ἅλα δὲ προερύσσω,
ὄψεαι, ἢν ἐθέλῃσθα καὶ αἴ κέν τοι τὰ μεμήλῃ,
ἦρι μάλ᾽ Ἑλλήσποντον ἐπ᾽ ἰχθυόεντα πλεούσας
νῆας ἐμάς, ἐν δ᾽ ἄνδρας ἐρεσσέμεναι μεμαῶτας "
εἰ δέ κεν εὐπλοίην δώῃ κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιος,
qpari κε τριτάτῳ Φθίην ἐρίβωλον ἱκοίμην.
It would seem as if either Plato had in his Homer ai κ᾽, or some
scribe changed ἦν to ai κ᾽ to make it correspond to the ai κέν of
the last part of the verse.
4. Alcibiad. 11. 140 Α Ξξ . το, 224:
Plat. σύν τε δύο σκεπτομένω
a a
Hom.® σύν re δύ᾽ ἐρχομένω, καί τε πρὸ ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν,
1 Cod. 6, τ᾽ ἠδὲ. 2 Cod. G, τε ἠδὲ. 8 Cod. S, ἣν (for af x’, verse 359).
4 Cod. G, ἱρὰς; L, at x’ ἐθέλῃσθα; L Cant, μεμήλει; Vrat b, μεμήλοι; S, mewhd 3
G, ἑλήσποντον; E, εἴ περ (for ef δέ kev); D, Φθίην δ᾽.
5 Cod. G, épxyoudvd; L, καί τοι.
198 George Edwin Howes.
This verse of Homer is quoted entire in the Protagoras,! and the
first part of it again in the Convivium.? In those two passages Plato
gives the reading of our Homeric manuscripts. Here, however, it is
clear that he is parodying what was evidently a well-known verse.
8. fon 538 C=. 11, 639-640 and 11, 630:
Plat. οἴνῳ πραμνείῳ, φησίν, ἐπὶ δ᾽ αἴγειον κνῇ τυρόν
κνήστι χαλκείη" παρὰ δὲ κρόμυον ποτῷ ὄψον"
Hom.‘ (711 11, 639 and 640)
οἴνῳ Πραμνείῳ, ἐπὶ δ᾽ αἴγειον κνῇ τυρὸν
κνήστι χαλκείῃ, ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἄλφιτα λευκὰ πάλυνε,
Hom.’ (71. 11, 630)
χάλκειον κάνεον, ἐπὶ δὲ κρόμνον, ποτῷ ὄψον,
Here it would seem as if Plato had confused the endings of two
verses —630 and 640. But our impression is modified when we
read in the Republic® these words: τεκμαίρομαι δέ, ὅτι αὐτοῦ οἱ υἱεῖς
ἐν Τροίᾳ EtpuTiAw τετρωμένῳ ἐπ᾽ οἶνον Πράμνειον ἄλφιτα πολλὰ ἐπι-
πασθέντα καὶ τυρὸν ἐπιξυσθέντα. Plato is here evidently referring to
this same passage of Homer, and the words ἄλφιτα πολλὰ ἐπι-
πασθέντα show that he knew that ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἄλφιτα λευκὰ πάλυνε or
some similar expression belongs to the Homeric passage. So I think
the confusion was made through design and not through ignorance.
9. fon 539 B= 77. 12, 200-207:
Plat.’ ὄρνις yap σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν,
oN ε ft 27 3 x x 27
αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης, ἐπ᾿ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων,
φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον,
ζ td 4? 9 4 e Ν ᾿, λ 0 »»»
ῳόν, ἔτ᾽ ἀσπαίροντα" καὶ οὔπω λήθετο χάρμης.
’, Ν 3 ‘ μι, δ bec x ὃ ,
κόψε yap αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρήν
ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω, 6 δ᾽ ἀπὸ Bev ἧκε χαμᾶζε
ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δ᾽ ἐγκάβ βαλ᾽ Spiro:
ao ‘A , a -“ 39.ϑ 1
αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας ἕπετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο.
1 348 Ὁ. 2174 Ὁ. ᾿ 8 Cod. Vindob. suppl. 7, κνήστει from κνήστη.
4 Cod. G, κνήστῃ; Ἡ, κνήστεϊ; 8, κνήστει.
5 Cod. D, χάλκεον; G, κυάνεον. 6 3, 405 Ὁ.
7 The best cod. have ὀπίσσω; Vindob. suppl. 7, ἐνκάμβαλ᾽ ; others, ἐγκαββαλ᾽ } λ᾽;
é
Vindob. suppl. 7, πέτατο.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 199
Hom.! ὄρνις γάρ σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν,
αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων,
, 4 a 3 Re ,
φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον
ζωόν, ἔτ᾽ ἀσπαίροντα καὶ οὔ πω λήθετο χάρμης.
, Ν a8 ᾿᾽ Ν had XN Ἂ,
κόψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρὴν
ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω: ὃ δ᾽ ἀπὸ ev ἧκε χαμᾶζε
ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δ᾽ ἐνὶ κάββαλλ᾽ ὁμίλῳ,
> Ἂν, x ΄ ΄ al 959 7
αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας πέτετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο.
With regard to the form in Plato ἐγκάββαλ᾽ we note that it is
found in two manuscripts of Homer also. It is doubtful whether
érero is a true ancient variant or a scribe’s blunder.
to. Leg. 4, 706 E= //. 14, 96-102:
Plat.? ὃς κέλεαι πολέμοιο συνεσταότος καὶ ἀυτῆς
νῆας ἐυσσέλμους ἅλαδ᾽ ἕλκειν, ὄφρ᾽ ἔτι μᾶλλον
Τρωσὶ μὲν εὐκτὰ γένηται ἐελδομένοισί περ ἔμπης,
ca > 2. ΟΝ ” > ΚΑ 3 x > é
ἡμῖν δ᾽ αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος erippéry: οὐ γὰρ ᾿Αχαιοί
΄ » lal LA δ᾽ i ϑ
σχήσουσιν πολέμου νηῶν ἅλαδ᾽ ἑλκομενάων,
3 > 9 , 2 is Sy ΄
ἀλλ᾽ ἀποπαπτανέουσιν, ἐρωήσουσι δὲ χάρμης"
ἔνθα κε σὴ βουλὴ δηλήσεται, οἷ᾽ ἀγορεύεις.
Hom.® ὃς κέλεαι πολέμοιο συνεσταότος καὶ ἀυτῆς
μ' Ἴ
νῆας ἐυσσέλμους ἅλα δ᾽ ἑλκέμεν, ὄφρ᾽ ἔτι μᾶλλον
Τρωσὶ μὲν εὐκτὰ γένηται ἐπικρατέουσί περ ἔμπης,
en 3 3 N »” 3 ᾿ 3 νΝ 3 Ν
quiv δ᾽ αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος ἐπιρρέπῃ. οὐ γὰρ ᾿Αχαιοὶ
δ , -“ A 2 € A
σχήσουσιν πόλεμον νηῶν ἅλα δ᾽ ἑλκομενάων,
3 > ἃ 4 2 , Ν ΄
ἀλλ᾽ ἀποπαπτανέουσιν, ἐρωήσουσι δὲ χάρμης.
ἔνθά κε σὴ βουλὴ δηλήσεται ὄρχαμε λαῶν.
There are several words in this passage of Plato that need to be
noted.
(2) ἕλκειν. This form is one of those Atticisms that are probably
due to scribes.
1 Cod. G, ἀπῆλθε; G omits ἔχοντα and adds τὸ after κατὰ; 5, ἐν; H Townl.,
ἐγκάββαλ᾽ ; many cod., κάμβαλ᾽ ; G, πέτετο ποτὶ πνοιῇς.
2 Cod. A, εὐσέλμους.
8 Cod. C, γένοιτο; S, ἐπεὶ κρατέουσι; C Barocc., ἐπιρρέποι; Lips, ἐπιρρέπει ; E, δι᾽
ἑλκομενάων; H, ἀπαπτανέουσιν ; many cod., ἀποπτανέουσιν ; 8, ὄρχαμε ἀνδρῶν.
200 George Edwin Howes.
(6) ἐελδομένοισι. This reading is not so pleasant to me as the
Homeric ἐπικρατέουσι, for it merely repeats the idea expressed in
εὐκτά. Still, it is intelligible, and Plato may have had it in his text
of Homer.
(ὃ πολέμου. This form is undoubtedly a mistake of the copyist,
as the sentence demands an accusative as the direct object of σχή-
covery, and not a genitive of separation, for that is supplied by νηῶν.
(4) ot ἀγορεύεις. This is one of the common verse-endings of
Homer. In the Homeric text we have another common ending
ὄρχαμε λαῶν. We shall have to ascribe the difference in Plato’s
text either to Plato or his scribes, unless we may imagine that differ-
ent rhapsodists may sometimes have used different verse-endings,
in case the general sense of the passage was not affected thereby.
Then Plato’s phrase might represent a real tradition.
11. Rep. 8, 545 D= 7. 16, 112-113:
Plat.1 ἢ βούλει, ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος, εὐχώμεθα ταῖς Μούσαις εἰπεῖν ἡμῖν,
ὅπως δὴ πρῶτον στάσις ἔμπεσε,
Hom.? ἔσπετε νῦν μοι μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ᾽ ἔχουσαι,
ὅππως δὴ πρῶτον πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσὶν ᾿Αχαιῶν.
Here in Plato, as often in the manuscripts of Homer, we read
ὅπως, where the metre demands a long penult.
The introduction of the word στάσις serves to parody this well-
known verse of Homer.
12, Apol. 28 C=. 18, 96:
Plat. αὐτίκα γάρ τοι, φησί, μεθ᾽ “Ἕκτορα πότμος ἑτοῖμος"
Hom. αὐτίκα γάρ τοι ἔπειτα μεθ᾽ Ἕκτορα πότμος ἑτοῖμος.
In this passage φησί, which is generally extra metrum, has appar-
ently crowded out the regular word ἔπειτα, and has taken its place
in the hexameter.
13. Apol, 283 D= 7. 18, 104:
Plat.® παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν ἄχθος ἀρούρης.
Hom. ἀλλ᾽ ἦμαι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἐτώσιον ἄχθος ἀρούρης;
1 Bas 2, ἐνέπεσε. 2 Cod. Lips, ὅπως.
3 Cod. B, κορωνηίσιν (the « added above νὴ by a second hand); Ὁ), κορωνηΐσιν.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 201
Whether here Plato has used, carelessly, an epithet κορωνίσιν,
in place of the traditional ἐτώσιον, or whether he gives us an old
Homeric variant, is uncertain.
14. Conviv. τοῦ D= 71. το, 92-93:
Plat.? τῆς μένθ᾽ ἁπαλοὶ πόδες: οὐ γὰρ ἐπ᾽ οὔδεος
πίλναται, ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα ἥ γε κατ᾽ ἀνδρῶν κράατα βαίνει.
Hom:? οὐλομένη: τῇ μέν θ᾽ ἁπαλοὶ πόδες - οὐ γὰρ ἐπ᾽ οὔδει
πίλναται, ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα ἥ γε κατ᾽ ἀνδρῶν κράατα βαίνει
That Plato really wrote τῆς seems clear from Stobaeus,® who, in
quoting him, gives the verse as we find it in Plato. That Plato
is here preserving an old tradition is seen from a scholion in
Ven. A,—otrws (1.6. 7H) ᾿Αρίσταρχος, ἄλλοι δὲ τῆς μέν θ᾽ ἁπαλοί.
This reading—+74s—has otherwise entirely vanished from the
manuscripts of Homer with the exception of one manuscript, in
which it is preserved, more perhaps through carelessness than actual
tradition. Stobaeus shows us, too, that Plato wrote ovdeos. As
both genitive and dative seem admissible here, Plato may well be
preserving an old variant in the form οὔδεος.
15. Rep. 3, 388 C=. 22, 168-169:
Plat. ὥστε ὦ πόποι φάναι ἧ φίλον ἄνδρα διωκόμενον περὶ ἄστυ
ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῶμαι. ἐμὸν δ᾽ ὀλοφύρεται ἦτορ.
Hom. ὦ πόποι, ἢ φίλον ἄνδρα διωκόμενον περὶ τεῖχος
ὀφθαλμοῖσιν δρῶμαι: ἐμὸν δ᾽ ὀλοφύρεται ἦτορ
ἄστυ may be an old variant.
16. Crat. 302 ἘΠΞΞ 2. 22, 507:
Plat. οἷος yap σφιν ἔρυτο πόλιν καὶ τείχεα μακρά.
Hom.* οἷος γάρ σφιν ἔρυσο πύλας καὶ τείχεα μακρά.
To adapt the verse to his sentence Plato changed the verb from
second person to third, without any violence to the metre. To whom
the change of πύλας to πόλιν is due is uncertain. The words are
so similar that one might have been substituted for the other at
almost any time.
1 Cod. T, πίλναται (from πίδναται) ; B, πηδναται.
2 Cod. S, τῆς; 6, βαίνοι. 8 Floril. 63, 36. 4 Cod. D, γάρ μιν.
202 George Edwin Howes.
17. lon 537 Α ΞΞ 71. 23, 335-340:
1 a , , \ any 2 , 2\ 97
Plat. Κλινθῆναι δέ, φησί, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐυξέστῳ ἐνὶ δίφρῳ
a> 2.7 3 x ~ oN x Ν᾿ ον
RK ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερὰ τοῖιν' ἀτὰρ τὸν δεξιὸν ἵππον
4 ε , ἂν 4 4 ee 7 id
κένσαι ὁμοκλήσας, εἶξαί τέ of ἡνία χερσίν.
3 ΄ , 9 9 ‘\ 2 Ἂι
ἐν νύσσῃ δέ τοι ἵππος ἀριστερὸς ἐγχριμφθήτω,
ὡς ἄν τοι πλήμνη γε δοάσσεται ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι
κύκλου ποιητοῖο- λίθου δ᾽ ἀλέασθαι ἐπαυρεῖν.
Hom.” αὐτὸς δὲ κλινθῆναι ἐυπλέκτῳ ἐνὶ δίφρῳ
A οὐ ΤῊΝ δ. Ν ~ ΕΝ, ἢ ν xg
HK ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερὰ τοῖιν: ἀτὰρ τὸν δεξιὸν ἵππον
ie 5-3 ΄ “5 , τ ee ,ὔ A
κένσαι ὁμοκλήσας, εἶξαί τέ of ἡνία χερσίν.
> , , 9 2 fe τας ,
ἐν νύσσῃ δέ τοι ἵππος ἀριστερὸς ἐγχριμφθήτω,
εν , , " αὐτῷ
ὡς dv τοι πλήμνη γε δοάσσεται ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι
n 3 ”
κύκλου ποιητοῖο" λίθου δ᾽ ἀλέασθαι ἐπαυρεῖν,
It is uncertain whether the difference in the order of the first few
words in Plato is due to him or not. For évééor@, however, we
have a twofold testimony. In the first place it is given by one of the
manuscripts of Homer. Besides, Xenophon*—though giving a
different case of the word and adapting the sentence to the construc-
tion of his own — gives this quotation:
αὐτὸν δὲ κλινθῆναι ἐυξέστου ἐπὶ δίφρου
ἊΡ τ ἐπ 8 x ~ aN ‘ x σ᾽
NK ἐπ ἀριστέρα TOLLV, ATAaP TOV δεξιὸν πποὸον
i. ε 4 3 M3 , ΄ ἘΠ5,Ο ΄ὔ
κένσαι ὁμοκλήσαντ᾽ εἶξαί τέ οἱ ἡνία χερσί.
But while he gives some support to ἐυξέστῳ, he does not offer any
for the order of words as given by Plato.
18. Rep. 3, 388 A=//. 24, 10-12:
Plat. Πάλιν δὴ Ὁμήρου τε δεησόμεθα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν μὴ
ποιεῖν ᾿Αχιλλέα, θεᾶς παῖδα,
ἄλλοτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλευρᾶς κατακείμενον, ἄλλοτε δ᾽ αὖτε
ὕπτιον. ἄλλοτε δὲ πρηνῆ, τοτὲ δ᾽ ὀρθὸν ἀναστάντα
πλωίζοντ᾽ ἀλύοντ᾽ ἐπὶ Oi ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο,
1 Cod. 8, ἐυνπλέκτῳ; Vindob. suppl. 7, une
2 Cod. D, ἐυξέστωι ἐκι; D, wom; many cod., ἐγχριφθήτω; L Lips, πλήμη;
E, διόσσεται.
8 Conviv. 4, 6.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Artstotle. 203
Hom.! ἄλλοτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλευρὰς κατακείμενος, ἄλλοτε δ᾽ αὖτε
ὕπτιος, ἄλλοτε δὲ πρηνής - τοτὲ δ᾽ ὀρθὸς ἀναστὰς
δινεύεσκ᾽ ἀλύων παρὰ Oi ἁλός. οὐδέ μιν ἠὼς
Since Plato is adapting these verses to the structure of his own
sentences, he uses the accusatives κατακείμενον, ὕπτιον, πρηνῆ,
ὀρθόν, ἀναστάντα and ἀλύοντ᾽ in place of the corresponding nomi-
natives. With the exception of ἀναστάντα, however, they do not
violate the metre.
If πλωίζοντ᾽ in the manuscripts of Plato is what he really wrote,
either he had πλωίζεσκ᾽ in his Homeric text, or else he introduced
it for a parody. If the reading is corrupt, the suggestion of Heyne?
is a good one. He thinks that Plato does not offer a new reading,
but is merely interpreting the verse of Homer, and that he wrote
apwilovr’, which included the idea suggested in the last words of
the verse, οὐδέ μιν ἠώς. A scribe to whom the verb zpwifw was
_ unknown might easily have changed it to rAwi{w, a verb that does
occur a few times.
The word ἀτρυγέτοιο may have been added by Plato, to com-
plete the verse metrically.
19. lon 538 D= JZ. 24, 80-82:
Plat? ἡ δὲ μολυβδαίνῃ ἰκέλη és βυσσὸν ἵκανεν,
ἢ τε κατ᾽ ἀγραύλοιο βοὸς κέρας ἐμμεμαυῖα
ἔρχεται ὠμηστῇσι μετ᾽ ἰχθύσι πῆμα φέρουσα"
Hom.! ἢ δὲ μολυβδαίνῃ ἰκέλη ἐς βυσσὸν ὄρουσεν,
ἡ τε Kat ἀγραύλοιο βοὸς κέρας ἐμβεβαυῖα
ἔρχεται ὠμηστῇσιν ἐπ᾽ ἰχθύσι κῆρα φέρουσα.
(2) ἵκανεν. Though this is a weaker word than ὄρουσεν, it
may, for all that, have stood in Plato’s Homer.
(4) ἐμμεμαυῖα. This is a form that might easily have been
changed by ascribe from ἐμβεβαυῖα; but we find that it was really
1 Cod. D (verse 11) omits δὲ; Syr (verse 11), δὴ; Vrat ἃ, δ᾽ ad; S, δινεύασκ᾽.
2 Variae Lectiones et Observationes in Iiadem, vol. viii., p. 585.
8 Cod. Vindob. suppl. 7, πυθμέν᾽ (for βυσσὸν); t, rvdueF (in margin); S, κῆρα (for
πῆμα).
4 Many cod., βυθὸν; S, βηθὸν; D, ἐμμεμαυῖα; G, ἐμβεβανῖαας.
204 George Edwin Howes.
recognized as a distinct reading. For it is so given in one manu-
script of Homer and is referred to in a scholion of Ven. A, — ἐν ἄλλῳ
ἐμμεμαυῖα.
(¢) πῆμα. This word, too, though it is considerably different in form
from κῆρα and is not found in the manuscripts of Homer, is a real
ancient variant. Proof of this fact is accidentally preserved for us
by a scholion in Ven. A, — ἔνιαι τῶν κατὰ πόλεις ἐπ᾽ ἰχθύσι πῆμα
φέρουσα" ἄτοπον yap ἐπ᾽ ἰχθύων κῆρα λέγειν. If it were not for this
one scholion, we should be obliged to say of this reading, as of
others, that it may represent a real variant, or it may be due to
Plato’s carelessness.
20. Rep. 2, 379 CHL. 24, 527-532:
Plat.t Οὐκ dpa, ἣν δ᾽ ἐγώ, ἀποδεκτέον οὔτε Ὁμήρου οὔτ᾽ ἄλλου
ποιητοῦ ταύτην τὴν ἁμαρτίαν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀνοήτως
ἁμαρτάνοντος καὶ λέγοντος, ὡς δοιοὶ πίθοι κατακείαται ἐν
Διὸς οὔδ
ιὸς οὔδει
κηρῶν ἔμπλειοι, ὁ μὲν ἐσθλῶν, αὐτὰρ ὃ δειλῶν"
καὶ ᾧ μὲν ἂν μίξας ὃ Ζεὺς δῷ ἀμφοτέρων,
ἄλλοτε μέν τε κακῷ ὅ γε κύρεται, ἄλλοτε δ᾽ ἐσθλῷ᾽
2 aN a | >» , ¢
ᾧ δ᾽ ἂν μή, ἀλλ᾽ ἄκρατα τὰ ἕτερα,
τὸν δὲ κακὴ βούβρωστις ἐπὶ χθόνα δῖαν ἐλαύνει"
Hom.? 527 δοιοὶ γάρ τε πίθοι κατακείαται ἐν Διὸς οὔδει
528 δώρων οἷα δίδωσι, κακῶν, ἕτερος δὲ ἑάων.
- ’ 3.2 δι , Ἂς ΄
529 ᾧ μέν κ᾽ ἀμμίξας δώῃ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος,
530 ἄλλοτε μέν τε κακῷ ὅ γε κύρεται, ἄλλοτε δ᾽ ἐσθλῷ'
531 ᾧ δέ Ke τῶν λυγρῶν δώῃ, λωβητὸν ἔθηκε"
532 καὶ € κακὴ βούβρωστις ἐπὶ χθόνα δῖαν ἐλαύνει,
We feel pretty sure that Plato’s text has been transmitted to us
correctly, for Eusebius,* in quoting the passage ὡς Sool ... δῖαν
ἐλαύνει from Plato, gives the same manuscript readings, except du¢o-
τέρων δῷ (for δῷ ἀμφοτέρων) and ye (for re, verse 530). This might
1 Many cod., καμμίξας ; a few cod., ἀμμίξας or ἀναμίξας.
2 A papyrus fragment, κατακειαθε; cod. L, δ᾽ (verse 528); cod. Townl. omits
verse 528; L, x’ duvias; papyrus, dupetas; D (verse 531), δοίη; G Flor, βούβρωσις.
8 Pracp. Ev. 13, 3 (p- 643).
flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 205
appear to be one of the cases where Plato is quoting from memory.
For as part of the passage is metrical and part is in Plato’s own
words, it looks as if he knew the exact words of only a part of the
Homeric passage. If we admit this view, we must maintain that in
verse 528, which appears so different in Plato, he thought he was
quoting exactly. Then either this: verse represents real old variants,
or else Plato was greatly mistaken in what he thought he knew.
21. Rep. 4, 424 B= Od. 1, 352:
Plat. ἀλλ᾽ ὡς οἷόν τε μάλιστα φυλάττειν, φοβουμένους, ὅταν τις
λέγῃ, ὡς τὴν ἀοιδὴν μᾶλλον ἐπιφρονέουσιν ἄνθρωποι,
a + , fd 9 ,
ἥτις ἀειδόντεσσι νεωτάτη ἀμφιπέληται,
Hom.) ἡ τις ἀκουόντεσσι νεωτάτη ἀμφιπέληται.
In substituting ἀειδόντεσσι for ἀκουόντεσσι, Plato is evidently
parodying the verse somewhat.
22. Conviv. 220C = Od. 4, 242:
Plat.2 οἷον δ᾽ αὖ τόδ᾽ ἔρεξε καὶ ἔτλη καρτερὸς ἀνὴρ
Hom. ἀλλ᾽ οἷον τόδ᾽ ἔρεξε καὶ ἔτλη καρτερὸς ἀνὴρ
23. Rep. 3, 390 A= Od. ο, 8-10:
Plat. παραπλεῖαι ὦσι τράπεζαι
σίτου καὶ κρειῶν, μέθυ δ᾽ ἐκ κρητῆρος ἀφύσσων
οἰνοχόος φορέῃσι καὶ ἐγχείῃ δεπάεσσι,
Hom.® ἥμενοι ἑξείης, παρὰ δὲ πλήθωσι τράπεζαι
σίτου καὶ κρειῶν, μέθυ δ᾽ ἐκ κρητῆρος ἀφύσσων
οἰνοχόος φορέῃσι καὶ ἐγχείῃ δεπάεσσι"
The word παραπλεῖαι, if not ἃ real ἅπαξ as I suspect it is, is
surely very uncommon and would not come from a copyist, except
by a most egregious blunder; nor would it result from ‘lapse of
memory,’ it seems to me. It is more likely that the word was in
Plato’s Homer.
1 Cod. E, ἢ κεν.
2 All cod. have αὐτὸ; B, ἔρρεξε (with the pp where an erasure has been made).
8 Cod. PS, πλήθουσι; AMV, δὲ (for δ᾽ ἐκ).
206 George Edwin Howes.
24. Meno 100 A= Od. το, 495:
Platt οἷον ἔφη Ὅμηρος ἐν τοῖς τεθνεῶσιν τὸν Τειρεσίαν εἶναι,
λέγων περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι οἷος πέπνυται τῶν ἐν Αιδου,
τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀίσσουσι.
; Ε
Hom. οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι" τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀίσσουσιν.
In codex L of Homer, just as in the manuscripts of Plato, a scribe,
thinking that rot should agree with σκιαὶ, has changed it to the
feminine form. In the manuscripts of Plato the scribe has gone one
step farther and given the Attic form ai.
25. Rep. 3, 386 D= Od. το, 495:
Plat. οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι, ταὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀίσσουσι"
4 cal Ν Ν
Hom.* οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι" τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀίσσουσιν.
Here, again, in Plato we have a change similar to that in the pre-
ceding passage, but the scribe has changed merely the gender, and
has not given the Attic form.
26. Axioch. 368 A= Od. 15, 245-246:
Plat. τὸν δ᾽ "Apdiapaov τί φησιν;
τὸν πέρι κῆρι φίλει Ζεύς τ᾽ αἰγίοχος καὶ ᾿Απόλλων
παντοίῃ φιλότητ᾽ - οὐδ᾽ ἵκετο γήραος οὐδόν.
ὄ
Hom. ὃν περὶ κῆρι φίλει Ζεύς τ᾽ αἰγίοχος καὶ ᾿Απόλλων
παντοίην φιλότητ᾽" οὐδ᾽ ἵκετο γήραος οὐδόν,
In Homer the relative ὃν has its antecedent in the preceding
verse. Plato may well have preferred to make his sentence more
complete by writing τόν.
Plato may have had παντοίῃ in his Homeric text, but a simple
explanation of the form would be that a scribe, supposing that
φιλότητ᾽ was in the dative case, changed παντοίην to mavroty.®
1 Schanz, in spite of ai in the best codices, has followed Cobet in editing roi.
2 Cod. L, ταὶ; D, τῶ.
8 A fewcod., rol.
4 Cod. L, ral; D, τῶ.
5 Cod. N, τὸν; Ὁ, feds (for Ζεύς τ᾽); L, καὶ ἀθήνη : yp. καὶ ἀπόλλων.
6 The best codices of Stobaeus, who (Yori. 98, 75) quotes this passage from
Plato, give the verses just as we have them in Homer.
flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 207
27. Lon 539 A= Od. 20, 351-357:
Plat.’ δαιμόνιοι, τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμέων
εἰλύαται κεφαλαί τε πρόσωπά τε νέρθε τε γυῖα,
οἰμωγὴ δὲ δέδηε, δεδάκρυνται δὲ παρειαί"
εἰδώλων τε πλέον πρόθυρον, πλείη δὲ καὶ αὐλή
ἱεμένων ἔρεβόσδε ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠέλιος δέ
οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, κακὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν ἀχλύς "
Hom.’ ἃ δειλοί, τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμέων
εἰλύαται κεφαλαί τε πρόσωπά τε νέρθε τε γοῦνα.
οἰμωγὴ δὲ δέδηε, δεδάκρυνται δὲ παρειαί,
αἵματι δ᾽ ἐῤῥάδαται τοῖχοι καλαί τε μεσόδμαι"
εἰδώλων δὲ πλέον πρόθυρον, πλείη δὲ καὶ αὐλή,
ἱεμένων Ἔρεβος δὲ ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠέλιος δὲ
οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, κακὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν ἀχλύς.
The expression ὦ δειλοί is so common in Homer that it must
have been well known to Plato. δαιμόνιοι, too, though generally
found in the singular, occurs in Odyssey 4, 774 in the plural. It is
possible that it was a variant here in Odyssey 20, 351, though it may
be a mistake of Plato’s.
γυῖα is a good Homeric word and may be a variant for this verse.
On the omission by Plato of verse 354 1 shall speak in the next
section.
The variants re and δέ need no comment, for these words are
often confused in manuscripts.
H. OMIssIons In PLATO.
There are four passages in which Plato in quoting from Homer has
omitted a verse. These are: Hippias Minor 365 A*= Iliad 9; 308-
314; Republic 2, 364 D*= Iliad 9, 497-501; Republic 2, 363 BS=
Odyssey 19, rog-113 ; Ion 539 A®°= Odyssey 20, 351-357.
These verses are, in a way, similar. For no one of them is neces-
sary to the general sense of the passage in which it stands. The
1 Cod. W, ὑμῶν; best codices, δέδηαι.
2 Cod. Ὁ, ὦ δειλοὶ; KS, ἐρέδαται; CDKQS, πλέων; A, ἐπιδέδραμεν.
8 Verse 311 is omitted. 5 Verse 110 is omitted.
4 Verse 498 is omitted. ὁ Verse 354 is omitted.
208 George Edwin Howes.
explanation of the omission is not at all certain. Plato may not
have had these verses in his text; for we remember that in the
Flinders Petrie fragment one verse, and possibly two, known in our
manuscripts of Homer, are omitted. Or Plato may have omitted
the verses either purposely or accidentally. Or the omission of them
may be due to scribes; for we notice that in the manuscripts of
Homer, too, single verses are occasionally omitted by scribes.
I. ONE SPECIAL PASSAGE.
There is one passage in Plato that from its uniqueness demands
attention. It is in Alcibiades II. It purports to be from Homer,
and contains in indirect quotation the substance of five verses, only
one of which is found in our Homeric manuscripts. The passage in
Plato, most of which is metrical, is as follows: φησὶν yap τοὺς Τρῶας
ἔπαυλιν ποιουμένους
ἕρδειν ἀθανάτοισι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας"
τὴν δὲ κνῖσαν ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου τοὺς ἀνέμους φέρειν οὐρανὸν εἴσω
ἡδεῖαν - τῆς δ᾽ οὔ τι θεοὺς μάκαρας δατέεσθαι,
οὐδ᾽ ἐθέλειν: μάλα γάρ σφιν ἀπήχθετο Ἴϊλιος ἱρή
καὶ ἸΤρίαμος καὶ λαὸς ἐυμμελίω Πριάμοιο -
The passage has been thus restored in the Iliad:
Hom.? 72. 8, 548-552
[ἔρδον δ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας.
κνίσην δ᾽ ἐκ πεδίου ἄνεμοι φέρον οὐρανὸν εἴσω
[ἡδεῖαν: τῆς δ᾽ οὔ τι θεοὶ μάκαρες δατέοντο,
οὐδ᾽ ἔθελον: μάλα γάρ σφιν ἀπήχθετο ἼΙλιος ἱρὴ
καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ λαὸς ἐυμμελίω ἹΤριάμοιο].
As the Alcibiades II. belongs to the list of works that are probably
spurious, we should not attribute much weight to this passage as one
of Plato’s. But, as the work is probably of high antiquity, even if
Plato did not write it, the passage will serve to illustrate once more
the fact that there are old variants of Homer,. and even whole verses,
preserved for us by ancient authors alone.
1149 Ὁ.
2 Cod. CD (second hand) EGHL, κνίσσην.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 209
CONCLUSION WITH REGARD TO PLATO’S QUOTATIONS.
As this completes the list of passages in which Plato quotes from
Homer, it may be well to emphasize the lesson of these quotations.
Some scholars have thought that the differences between the read-
ings of our Homeric manuscripts and those of Plato are best and
most easily explained by assuming that Plato quoted from memory,
and that his memory was very faulty. Whether, in general, Plato
quoted from memory or not, is still a doubtful point. I am willing to
admit that that supposition offers the best explanation of some few
passages. If sometimes he quoted from memory and sometimes
looked up the passage, we have no means of ascertaining which
quotations are the result of one method and which are the result of
the other. For if I have not shown that apparent mistakes cannot be
taken as the test of that question, my paper has been in vain.
Besides, as I have already stated, there is nothing at all inconsistent
in quotation from memory and correctness. Let me say, as a kind
of summary, that in general these are the reasons that influence me
to believe that, whether he quotes from memory or not, Plato’s
quotations are to be weighed very carefully, and not rejected merely
because at variance with traditional readings. (1) Very many
verses as quoted by him agree with our traditional text. (2) Many
verses evidently owe their variants to careless copyists, who, in many
instances, have changed the epic to the Attic form. That Plato is
not responsible for these Atticisms is often shown by other passages,
in which the same verses are given just as our Homeric manuscripts
have them. (3) Some variants are supported either by Homeric
manuscripts, or by scholia, or by ancient authors. Of scholia and
authors we know that only a small percentage have come down to
. us. If more were extant, we should undoubtedly receive confirma-
tion for still more of these variants of Plato. (4) Papyrus fragments
in general, and the Flinders Petrie fragment in particular, show that
ancient manuscripts had many readings far different from those that
have come down to us from other sources. We should not be sur-
prised, therefore, to find that Plato, or any other ancient author, pre-
sents us with many variant readings. In fact, we should be properly
surprised if they did πού show these variants. We might then
210 George Edwin Howes.
reasonably suspect that the readings they gave had been tampered
with, to adapt them to our later tradition. Therefore I feel con-
vinced, that to the existence of Plato’s manuscripts we are indebted
for a great many ancient Homeric readings that otherwise would
have been lost to us.
Aristotles Quotations from Homer.
Let me pass on at once to the Homeric passages quoted by
Aristotle.
A. No VARIANTS.
First I shall list those passages in which the manuscripts of
Aristotle — so far as collated by Bekker — show an entire agreement
with those of Homer, with no variants for either author. There are
twenty-eight of these passages.
1 (and 2). het. 3,14 (p. 14154 15) and Poet. 19 (p. 1456 b 16)
Ξε 1,1:
μῆνιν ἄειδε θεά,
3. Poet. 25 (p. 1461a το)ΞΞ 7}}. 1, 50:
τς οὐρῆας μὲν πρῶτον
4. De Mundo 6 (p. 397 Ὁ 26) = JZ. i, 499 and 71. 5, 754:
ἀκροτάτῃ κορυφῇ
5. Pol. 1, 12 (p. 1259 Ὁ 13)ΞΞ.. 1, 544 and often:
πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε,
6. Poet. 25 (p. 1461a τ6) = V7. 2, 1-2:
ἄλλοι μέν ῥα θεοί τε καὶ ἀνέρες
εὗδον παννύχιοι"
Here, as often, Aristotle omits part of a verse.
7. Eth, Nic. 8, 13 (p. 1161a 14) = //. 2, 243 and often:
᾿Αγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν
8. Poet. 21 (p. 1457 Ὁ 11) = 12. 2, 272:
ἢ δὴ μυρί᾽ ᾿οδυσσεὺς ἐσθλὰ ἔοργεν"
9. Rhet. τ, 6 (p. 1363 ἃ 6) = 7). 2, 298:
αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μένειν"
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 211
10. Pol. 3, τό (p. 1287 Ὁ 14) = 72. 2, 372:
τοιοῦτοι δέκα μοι συμφράδμονες.
11. Frag. 143 (p. 1502 Ὁ 8) ΞΞ 71. 3, 298-300:
Ζεῦ κύδιστε μέγιστε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι;
ὁππότεροι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια πημήνειαν,
ὧδέ σφ᾽ ἐγκέφαλος χαμάδις ῥέοι ὡς ὅδε οἶνος.
12. Probl. 9, 9 (p. 890b 9)ΞΞ.}1. 5, 75:
ψυχρὸν δ᾽ ἕλε χαλκὸν ὀδοῦσιν,
13. Poet. 21 (p. 1458 ἃ 7) ΞΞ 71. 5, 393:
δεξιτερὸν κατὰ μαζόν
14. Eth. Nic. 5, 11 (p. 1136} 10) = V7. 6, 236:
χρύσεα χαλκείων, ἑκατόμβοι᾽ ἐννεαβοίων,
The first two words are given thus by Plato’ also.
15. Frag. 151 (p. 1503 b 26) = /7. 7, 111-112:
μηδ᾽ ἔθελ᾽ ἐξ ἔριδος σεῦ ἀμείνονι φωτὶ μάχεσθαι
Ἕκτορι
16. Hist, An. 6, 21 (p. 5715 Ὁ 5) ΞΞ 711 7, 315 and Od.’ 19, 420:
ἄρσενα πενταέτηρον
17. Frag. 108 (p. 1495 Ὁ 10) = 7. 9, 175 and often:
κοῦροι δὲ κρητῆρας ἐπεστέψαντο ποτοῖο
18. fol. 2, 7 (p. 1267 ἃ 1)ΞΞ 122. 9, 319:
ἐν δὲ ἰῇ τιμῇ ἡμὲν κακὸς ἠδὲ καὶ ἐσθλός.
19. Rhet. 3, τι (p. 1411} 35) ΞΞ.}2. 11, 574:
ἐν γαίῃ ἵσταντο λιλαιόμενα χροὸς ἦσαι,
20, Κλ. Nic. 7, 7 (p. 1140 Ὁ 16) ΞΞ 7.2. 14, 214:
κεστὸν ἱμάντα
21. Rhet. 2, 21 (p. 1395 ἃ 15)= 77. 18, 309:
ξυνὸς ᾿Ἐνυάλιος,
1 Conviv. 219 A.
2 In the passage in the Odyssey we find a variant: cod. A, πίονα yp. ἄρσενα.
212 George Edwin Howes.
22. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 28) = 77. 21, 592:
κνημὶς νεοτεύκτου κασσιτέροιο,
23. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 23) = 72. 23, 328:
τὸ μὲν οὐ καταπύθεται ὄμβρῳ.
24. Soph. Elench.? 4 (p. τ66 Ὁ 4)5ΞΞ.}.. 23, 328:
τὸ μὲν οὗ καταπύθεται ὄμβρῳ.
A point of discussion among the ancients was whether in this
passage of the Iliad ov was οὗ, ‘where,’ or οὐ, ‘not.’ Into this discus-
sion I cannot go.
25. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. 1415 a 16) = Od. 1, τ:
ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε μοῦσα, 7
26. Frag. 165 (p. 1505 Ὁ 25)= Οἱ. 6, 6:
οἵ σφεας σινέσκοντο.
27. Κλοί. 3, 14 (p. 1415 Ὁ 26)ΞΞ Od. 6, 327:
δός μ᾽ ἐς Φαίηκας φίλον ἐλθεῖν ἠδ᾽ ἐλεεινόν,
28. De Anima 3, 3 (p. 427 ἃ 26) = Od, 18, 136:
τοῖος yap νόος ἐστίν.
Β. SLIGHT VARIANTS.
There are thirty-nine passages in which the variants of the manu-
scripts of both Aristotle and Homer are few and slight, and undoubt-
edly due to the carelessness of scribes.
1. Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 13794 5) = 7. τ, 82:
Ar3 ἀλλά ye Kal μετόπισθεν ἔχει κότον
Hom.* ἀλλά τε καὶ μετόπισθεν ἔχει κότον, ὄφρα τελέσσῃ,
2. Rhet® 1, 6 (p. 1362 b 35) = /2% 1, 255:
ἢ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος.
1 Cod. Ac Be, οὗ.
2 80 edited by Bekker, although all the codices of Aristotle and of Homer
have ov. 3 Cod. YbZbAs, re; Q, ὄφρα τελέσση (after κότον).
4 Several cod., ye; S, ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε.
5 Cod. Yb, γηθήση. ὁ Cod. C, γηθήσαι; H, γηθήσξί.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 213
3. Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 1378 Ὁ 32) = /7. 1, 356:
ἠτίμησεν' ἑλὼν yap ἔχει γέρας αὐτὸς ἀπούρας
4. Metaphys? 11, 10 (p. 1076a 4)= JZ, 2, 204:
οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη εἷς κοίρανος ἔστω.
5. Frag. 143 (p. 1502 b 16) ΞΞ 7,1. 4, 65-67:
ἐλθεῖν ἐς Τρώων καὶ ᾿Αχαιῶν φύλοπιν αἰνήν;
πειρᾶν δ᾽ ὥς κεν Τρῶες ὑπερκύδαντας ᾿Αχαιοὺς
ἄρξωσι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσασθαι.
6. λοι δ3, 11 (p. 1411 b 35) = 71. 4, 126:
: , ,
ἐπιπτέσθαι μενεαίνων,
η. Frag. τ3 (p. τ4768 τ7}ΞΞ.7..5 4, 297-298 :
ἱππῆας μὲν πρῶτα σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν,
πεζοὺς δ᾽ ἐξόπιθεν,
8. Eth, Nic. 3, 11 (p. 1116.a 25) ΞΞ.7.. 8, 148-149:
Ar.” Ἕκτωρ γάρ ποτε φήσει ἐνὶ Τρώεσσ᾽ ἀγορεύων,
Τυδείδης ὑπ᾽ ἐμεῖο.
Hom.® Ἕκτωρ γάρ ποτε φήσει ἐνὶ Τρώεσσ᾽ ἀγορεύων"
Τυδείδης ὑπ᾽ ἐμεῖο φοβεύμενος ἵκετο νῆας.
9. Pol’ 1, 2 (p. 1253 8 5) ΞΞ 7}. 9, 63:
ἀφρήτωρ, ἀθέμιστος, ἀνέστιος.
10. het.” 3, 9 (p. 1410a 29) ΞΞ. 7113 9, 526:
ὃ ,ὔ 3.2 ἐλ. ΄,΄ ft + ὅἍ Es ΡΑ
ὡρητοί τ΄ ἐπέλοντο παράρρητοί τ ἐπέεσσιν
1 Cod. Ac omits ἀπούρας.
2 Cod. E (also T in the margin) adds ἔστω.
3 Cod. E, rpdas; B, τρῶσιν.
4 Cod. O, eis; L omits 8’.
5 Cod. QYDZb, ἐπιπτᾶσθαι.
ὁ Cod. Vrat. b,c, Mosc. 1. 3, πρώτιστα; M, πρῶτον; CGH, ἐξόπισθεν; E, ἐξόπισθε;
N, ἐξώπισθεν.
7 Cod. Mb adds φοβούμενος.
8 Cod. E, δή (for γάρ); Ὁ, τρώεσσιν; D, τυδείδης δ᾽; E, ἐμοῖο.
9 Cod. Q, ἀφήρτωρ; 50 ΤΡ, ἀφήτωρ.
10 Cod. As, ἐπέλονται ; Ac, δ᾽ (for the second 7’).
Ἡ Cod. DH, rapapyrol.
214 George Edwin Howes.
11. Poet. 25 (p. 1461a 12) ΞΞ.71. το, 316:
ὃς δή τοι εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός,
12. Hist. An. 9, 44 (p. 629 Ὁ 22) =J7. 11, 554 and 71. 17, 663:
καιόμεναί τε δεταί, τάς τε τρεῖ ἐσσύμενός περ,
13. Rhet. 2, 21 (p. 1395 13) ΞΞ 7.8 12, 243:
els οἰωνὸς ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ πάτρης,
14. het. 3, 11 (p. 1411 b 34) = ZZ. 13, 587:
Ar.* état’ ὀιστός,
Hom.’ θώρηκος γύαλον, ἀπὸ δ᾽ ἔπτατο πικρὸς ὀιστός.
In the passage of the Rhetoric from which these words are taken
Aristotle is giving examples of vividness in narration. Naturally, he
quotes that part of the phrase that is especially pertinent.
15. Rhet.® 3, 11 (p. 1412a 7) =J/2." 13, 799:
κυρτά, φαληριόωντα' πρὸ μέν τ᾿ ἄλλ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα"
16. Hist. An’ 9, 12 (p. ὅτε Ὁ 10) ΞΞ 71 14, 291:
χαλκίδα κικλήσκουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ κύμινδιν.
17. λοι" 3, 11 (p. 1412 ἃ 1)ΞΞΞ 71. 15, 542:
αἰχμὴ δὲ στέρνοιο διέσσυτο μαιμώωσα.
18. het. 1, 11 (p. 1370b 11)ΞΞ.}. 18, 109:
ὅστε πολὺ γλυκίων μέλιτος καταλειβομένοιο"
19. Rhet." 2, 2 (p. 1378 Ὁ 5) ΞΞΞ 71. 18, 109-110:
ὅστε πολὺ γλυκίων μέλιτος καταλειβομένοιο
ἀνδρῶν ἐν στήθεσσιν ἀέξεται.
20. Poet. 25 (p. 1461a 30) = 71. 20, 234:
Διὶ οἰνοχοεύειν,
1 Cod. Ac, ὡς ῥῆτοι; Be, ὡς ῥά τοι; Na, ὡς (with δή τοι omitted); Ac, εἰ ἣν.
2 Cod. Da, καιομένας (with a gap left for the rest of the verse); Aa, δαῖτες;
Ca, δᾶδαι; PEa, τρεῖς; Aa, datras τρεῖς.
8 Cod. ES, ἀμύνασθαι. 8 Cod. PAa DaEa, κύβινδιν.
4 Cod. Q, ὀριστός. 9 Cod. Ac, peudwoa.
5 Cod. L, διὰ (for ἀπὸ). 10 Cod. Yb, ὥστε.
ὃ Cod. QYbZb, πρὸς. 11 Cod. ΖΡ, ὥστε; Ac, στήθεσιν.
7 Cod. L, φαληρώωντα. 12 Cod Ac, οἰνοχοεύει.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 215
21. Rhet 1, 11 (p. 1370b 28) = 12 23, 108 and Od. 4, 183:
ὡς φάτο, τοῖσι δὲ πᾶσιν ὑφ᾽ ἵμερον ὦρσε γόοιο.
22. οί 2, 3 (p. 1380b 29) ΞΞΞ.72.}. 24, 54:
κωφὴν yap δὴ γαῖαν dexiler μενεαίνων.
23. Eth. Nic® 7, τ (p. 1145 ἃ 21) .71. 24, 258-259:
οὐδὲ ἐῴκει
ἀνδρός γε θνητοῦ πάις ἔμμεναι ἀλλὰ θεοῖο.
24. De Mundo’ 6 (p. 4οτ1 ἃ 4)= Od 5, 64:
κλήθρη τ᾽ αἴγειρός τε καὶ εὐώδης κυπάρισσος,
25. Frag. 162 (p. 1505 ἃ 26) ΞΞ Od" 5, 93:
κέρασσε δὲ νέκταρ ἐρυθρόν
26. Frag. 165 (p. 1505 Ὁ 20) Ξξ Od.” 6, 4 and 8:
ot πρὶν μέν ποτ᾽ ἔναιον
ἀλφηστάων.
27. De ρα" 6 (p. 4οτ ἃ 7)ΞΞ Od.” 7, 115 and 11," 589:
ὄχναι καὶ poral καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι,
28. De Mundo 6 (p. 401a 1) ΞΞ Od. 7, 116:
Ar. συκαῖ re γλυκεραὶ καὶ ἐλαῖαι,
Hom." συκέαι τε γλυκεραὶ καὶ ἐλαῖαι τηλεθόωσαι.
1 Cod. QZb, ἐφ᾽. 3 Cod. E, ἐφ᾽.
8 Cod. Q, ἀεικίξη; the reading in Ac is uncertain; cod. Q, μενάίων.
4Cod. CD omit δὴ; H, βαῖαν; H, μενξἕαίνων.
5 Cod. Mb, οὐ γὰρ; LbOb, οὐδὲ γὰρ.
ὁ Papyr. (first hand), oure, ἐμμενε ; cod. D, θνητοῖο.
7 Cod. P (recent hand), κλεῖθραί ; O omits re.
8 Cod. LQ, κλείθρη.
9 Cod. ACER, xépace.
10 Cod. DLMP, ἀλφιστάων; B, ἀμφιστάων.
11 Cod. O, ὄγχνη (but it has been corrected).
12 Cod. S omits this verse.
18 Though most cod. give ὄχναι in these two passages of the Odyssey, La
Roche edits, in both places, ὄγχναι.
14 Cod. Q, συκέαι.
15 Cod. S omits the verse; many cod. have συκαῖ or συκαὶ; 1, τηλεθάωσαι;
Schol. B.H.Q. (Od. 9, 425), τηλεθάουσαι.
216 George Edwin Howes.
29. Fol. 8, 3 (p. 1338 a 29) = Od! g, 7-8:
δαιτυμόνες δ᾽ ἀνὰ δώματ᾽ ἀκουάζωνται ἀοιδοῦ
ἥμενοι ἑξείης.
30. Pol. 1, 2 (p. 1252} 22)ΞΞ Od.? 9, 114-115:
θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος
παιδων ἠδ᾽ ἀλόχων.
Plato* in quoting more fully from the same passage of the Odyssey‘
gives the same text. The passage is referred to in the Nicomachean
Ethics.°
31. Rhet.® 2, 3 (p. 1380 b 23) = Od. g, 504:
φάσθαι ᾿᾽Οδυσσῆα πτολιπόρθιον,
32. Hist. An." 6, 21 (p. 575 Ὁ 6) = Od.’ το, 19:
βοὸς ἐννεώροιο.
33. De Mir. Aus. 105 (p. 839 b 33) = Ομ. 12, 67-68:
ἀλλά θ᾽ ὁμοῦ πίνακάς τε νεῶν Kal σώματα φωτῶν
κύμαθ᾽ ἁλὸς φορέουσι πυρός τ᾽ ὁλοοῖο θύελλαι.
44. Lth. Νὴ" 2, 9 (p. 1109 ἃ 32) = Od. 12, 219-220:
τούτου μὲν καπνοῦ Kal κύματος ἐκτὸς ἔεργε
νηα.
By mistake Aristotle assigns these verses to Calypso, though they
contain the advice of Circe and were uttered to his companion by
Odysseus.
35. Rhet. 1, 11 (p. 1371 b 16) = Od. τῇ, 218:
ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον,
36. Eth. Lud. 7,1 (p. 1235 ἃ 7)ΞΞ Od.® 17, 218:
ε ἈΝ ON " N e sg
WS QLEL TOV OMOLOV AYEL θεὸς WS TOV ομοιον"
1 Many cod., ἀκονάξονται. ὃ Cod. QYDZb, πτολίπορθον.
2 Cod K, παίδων τ᾽. 7 Cod. P, ἐννεώτεροι.
3 Leg. 3, 680 B. 8 Cod. L, ἐννεόροιο.
49, 112-115. 9 Cod. Ba, ἑλλὸς, θύελαι.
5 το, 10 (p. 1180 8 28). 10 Cod. QV, θύελλα.
11 Cod. ΜΌΝ, τὸ τοῦ; LbOb, ὡς τοῦ; Kb omits μὲν.
12 Cod. YbZb, τὸ; Q, τῶ ὁμοίω φίλον τὸ. ὡς
18 Cod. CDKL, és (for the second ws); Μ, és.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 217
Here the manuscripts of Aristotle agree with those of Homer, and
disagree with those of Plato who, in the Lysis,’ quotes the same
Homeric verse. In one passage,? however, the manuscripts of
Aristotle show the same readings as those given in the manuscripts
of Plato. In the Nicomachean Ethics ὃ we find the verse of Homer
referred to, but the first part of the verse is not quoted.
37. Eth. Nic’ 4, 4 (p. 1122 27) = Od. τῇ, 420 and το, 76°:
πολλάκι δόσκον ἀλήτῃ᾽
38. Probl. 10, 36 (p. 894 Ὁ 34) = Od8 20, 71:
μῆκος δ᾽ ἔπορ᾽ ἔΑρτεμις ἁγνή,
39. Rhet.” 1,7 (Ὁ. 136ς ἃ 30) = Ou. 22, 347:
αὐτοδίδακτος δ᾽ εἰμί.
Ο. AGREEMENT WITH THE BEST MANUSCRIPTS OF HOMER.
Now let me give those passages in which the manuscripts of
Aristotle agree with the best manuscripts of Homer, although the
existence of variants is indicated, either in the manuscripts or scholia
of Homer, or by Eustathius. I have listed twenty of these pas-
sages.®
1. Rhet. 1, 6 (p. 1363a 5)= ZZ. 2, 160:
καδδέ Kev εὐχωλὴν Πριάμῳ
Schol. Ven, A,— dzé τούτου (verse 160) ἕως τοῦ ἐν Τροίῃ ἀπόλοντο
(verse 162) ἀθετοῦνται στίχοι τρεῖς.
2. Frag. 172 (p. 1506 b 31) = 2. 2, 226-228:
πλεῖϊαί τοι χαλκοῦ κλισίαι, πολλαὶ δὲ γυναῖκες
εἰσὶν ἐνὶ κλισίῃς ἐξαίρετοι, ds τοι ᾿Αχαιοὶ
πρωτίστῳ δίδομεν.
1 2144. 2 Mag. Mor. 2, 11 (p. 1208 Ὁ το). 8 8,2 (p. 11554 34).
4 Cod. Mb, δώσει. ὃ Cod. 8, δὲ πότ᾽.
5 Cod. IK, πολλάκις. 7 Cod. ΟΥ̓Ρ ΖΡ omit δ᾽.
8 Where Aristotle has quoted a verse that we learn from the scholia was
rejected by some one of the ancient critics, I have considered that he is in agree-
ment with the original Homeric tradition, and that the rejection by the ancients
constitutes a variant.
9 Cod. Baroce. Mor., κλισίαις ; Cant., κλισίῃ; L, κλισίοισιν.
218 George Edwin Howes.
Schol. Ven. A,— ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος γράφει πλεῖαι δὲ γυναικῶν καὶ τοὺς
ἑξῆς δύο ἠθέτηκεν.
3. Frag. 13 (p. 1476 ἃ 21) = 7112, 554:
κοσμῆσαι ἵππους τε καὶ ἀνέρας ἀσπιδιώτας "
Schol. Ven. A,— ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος ἀπὸ τούτου (verse 553) τρεῖς στίχους
"ἠθέτηκεν.
4. Rhet.? 3, 12 (p. 1414 2)= 71. 2, 671-673:
Νιρεὺς αὖ Ξύμηθεν, Νιρεὺς ᾿Αγλαίης, Νιρεὺς ὃς κάλλιστος.
Schol. Ven. A (verses 673-675),— ἐκ τῶν τριῶν τοὺς δύο ἠθέτηκε
Ζηνόδοτος, τὸν δὲ μέσον οὐδὲ ἔγραφεν.
To emphasize the asyndeton in these verses of Homer, Aristotle
quotes the first words only of each verse.
5. Frag. 144 (p. 1502 Ὁ 31) = 72. 3, 277:
ἠέλιός θ᾽ ὃς πάντ᾽ ἐφορᾷς καὶ πάντ᾽ ἐπακούεις
Schol. BQ (Od. 12, 374), — ἠέλιος δ᾽ ὅς.
6. Frag. 146 (p. 1503 ἃ 9) = 7. 3, 454:
ἶσον γάρ σφιν πᾶσιν ἀπήχθετο κῆρι μελαίνῃ"
Schol. Ven. A (/7. 9, 378),-- σφίσι.
7. Poet 25 (p. 14614 14) = 759, 203:
ζωρότερον δὲ Képace
Schol. Ven. A,— otras κέραιε χωρὶς τοῦ p. Schol. Townl.,— δίχα
τοῦ p ᾿Αριστοφάνης κέραιε. Eustathius (746, 48), ---ἰστέον δὲ ὅτι τῶν
τινὰ ἀντιγράφων τὸ κέραιε κέραιρε φασὶν, and (1397, 64), — ζωρότερον
δὲ κέραιε ἢ κέραιρε.
8 (and 9). Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 1378 Ὁ 33) and Pol. 3, 5 (p. 1278 ἃ 37)
= 71. 9, 648 and 74. τό, 59:
ὡσεί τιν᾽ ἀτίμητον μετανάστην,
Schol. Ven. B (ΤᾺ 16, 59), —6 μέν ᾿Αρίσταρχος γράφει μεταναστήν.
Schol. Townl. (ΤᾺ 16,59),—év τῇ Μαζσ)σαλιωτικῇ καὶ τῇ Ῥιανοῦ μετα-
νάστιν (cod. μετανάστειν).
1 Cod. L, κοσμῆσαι θ᾽. 3 Cod. ΟΥ̓́ΡΖΒΡ, αἰσύμηθεν.
8 Cod. 8, δ᾽ αἰσύμηθεν; L, αὖ ἐσύμηθεν.
4 Cod. Be, κεραε; Na, κερεες. 5 Cod. CD (by correction) HS, κέραιρε.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 219
10, Poet. 25 (p. 1461a 2) =J/, το, 152-153:
ἔγχεα δέ σφιν
ὄρθ᾽ ἐπὶ σαυρωτῆρος"
Schol. Ven. A, —év τῇ ᾿Αριστοφάνους σαυρωτῆρας πληθυντικῶς.
11 (and 12). 201. 3, 16 (p. 1287 Ὁ 14) and Z¢A. Δῆῆε. 8, 1 (p.1155a
15) =? το, 224:
ow τε δύ᾽ ἐρχομένω
Schol. Ven. A (ΤᾺ 3, 211),--ασαὺν δέ. Schol. Ven. A (ZZ. το, 224),—
συνερχόμενοι δύο ἀντὶ τοῦ συνερχομένων. ἔνιοι δὲ μὴ νοήσαντες TOV
προστιθέασι, κακῶς.
Plato, as we have observed, both quotes? and parodies‘ this verse.
13. Hist. An’? 3, 3 (p. 513 Ὁ 27) = 7. 13, 546-547:
ἀπὸ δὲ φλέβα πᾶσαν ἔκερσεν,
ἢ τ᾽ ἀνὰ νῶτα θέουσα διαμπερὲς αὐχέν᾽ ἱκάνει.
Schol. Ven. A, — Ζηνόδοτος διὰ δὲ φλέβα. Schol. Townl., — Ζηνόδοτος
διὰ δέ.
14. De Mundo 6 (p. 400a 19) ΞΞ 71. 15, 192:
Ζεὺς δ᾽ ἔλαχ᾽ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσιν.
Schol. Ven. Α, ---ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος αἰπύν. Schol. Ven. A (714 16, 365),
-- ;εφέεσσιν.
is. Poet.’ 25 (p. 1461 20) =J/. 18, 489 and Ou. 5, 275:
οἴη δ᾽ ἄμμορος
Schol. Ven. A (ΤᾺ 18, 483),— ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος ἠθέτηκεν ἀπὸ τούτου
τοῦ στίχου τὰ λοιπά. .
16 (17 and 18). Mag. Mor. 1, 20 (p. 1191 a 8), Eth. Hud? 3,1
(p. 1230a 20) and Eth, Mic. 3, 11° (p. 1116.a 23) = 12." 22, 100:
Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσ ει,
1 Cod. Tb, τι. 2 Cod. G, συνερχομένώ.
8 Protag. 348 D and Conviv. 174 D. 4 Alcibiad. [7.140 A.
5 Cod. PDa, ἣ διὰ (for ἢ 7 ἀνὰ); P, διαμπαρὲς; PDa, ἵκανεν.
ὁ Cod. L, δ᾽ ἔλαχεν; G omits ἐν.
7 Cod. Na, ἂν μόνος. 8 Cod. Pb, πολυδάμας.
9 Cod. Lb, πολυδάμας ; Mb, πρῶτον; Kb, ἀναθήσηι; Mb, ἐπιθήσει.
10 Cod. E, πολυδάμας ; C omits μοι; E, πρῶτος ἢ πρῶτον.
220 George Edwin Howes.
Eustath.,— (1260, 45) ἀναθήσει; (1260, 50) καταχεύει; (1260,
26) καταχεύει, ἢ ἀναθήσει.
19. foet. 2τ (p. 1457 Ὁ 10) = Od 1, 185:
νηῦς δέ μοι ἥδ᾽ ἕστηκε:
Schol. ΗΙΜΟΚ,---προηθετοῦντο δὲ ὑπὸ ᾿Αριστοφάνους" κατ᾽ ἔνια δὲ
τῶν ἀντιγράφων οὐδ᾽ ἐφέροντο.
20. KRhet? 3, 16 (p. 1417 Ὁ 5) = Od. το, 361:
ay νυ ν δὲ ΄ \ , 5
ws ap ἔφη, γρηνς OE KATETXETO χέρσι προσωπα
D. QUOTATIONS WOVEN INTO THE TEXT.
There are a few passages in which it was evidently Aristotle’s
intention to adapt the words of Homer to the structure of his own
sentence. I shall give those instances in which such passages either
show the same readings that our Homeric manuscripts offer, or, at
any rate, are not inconsistent with these readings.
1. Frag. 157 (p. 1504b 18) refers to 72. 1, 527:
Ar. ὃ δὲ ποιητής φησιν ἀληθεύειν
ὅ τι κεν κεφαλῇ κατανεύσῃ.
Hom. οὐδ᾽ ἀτελεύτητον, ὅτι κεν κεφαλῇ κατανεύσω.
2. Lol. 4, 4 (p. 1292 ἃ 13) refers to 72. 2, 204:
Ar. "Ounpos δὲ ποίαν λέγει οὐκ ἀγαθὸν εἶναι πολυκοιρα νίην,
Hom. οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη᾽ εἷς κοίρανος ἔστω,
This verse of Homer is quoted exactly by Aristotle elsewhere.*
3. Lth. Nic. 3, 13 (p. 1118 a 22) refers to 71. 3, 24:
Ar. ὁμοίως δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἰδὼν ἢ εὑρὼν ἔλαφον ἢ ἄγριον αἶγα,
ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι βορὰν ἕξει.
Hom. εὑρὼν ἢ ἔλαφον κεραὸν ἢ ἄγριον αἶγα,
4. LRhet. 3, 4 (p. 1406 Ὁ 20) refers to 71. 10, 485-486:
Ar. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ εἰκὼν μεταφορά: διαφέρει γὰρ μικρόν" ὅταν
μὲν γὰρ εἴπῃ τὸν ᾿Αχιλλέα
ὡς δὲ λέων ἐπόρουσεν,
εἰκών ἐστιν,
1 Cod. D, ναῦς. 3 Cod. Q, κατείχετο. 8 Cod. DL, καλὰ (for χερσὶ).
4 Metaphys. 11, τὸ (p.1076a 4); cf. above, p. 213.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 221
Hom.' ὡς δὲ λέων μήλοισιν ἀσημάντοισιν ἐπελθών,
αἴγεσιν ἢ ὀίεσσι, κακὰ φρονέων ἐνορ ούσῃ;
If this Homeric passage is the one referred to by Aristotle, there
are several difficulties in his statement. In the first place, Homer is
speaking of Diomedes, and not of Achilles as Aristotle says. This
misstatement of Aristotle may be merely a slip on his part. Besides,
the verb in the passage of Homer is évopovw, whereas Aristotle has
éropovw. The difference between the form of the two verbs, how-
ever, is slight, and a scribe might easily have changed one to the
other.? Still, there may have been such a verse about Achilles some-
where in Aristotle’s Homer, and he may be quoting it correctly.
5. Fol. τ, 4 (p. 1253 Ὁ 35) refers to 225 18, 376:
Ar. ὥσπερ τὰ Δαιδάλου φασὶν ἢ τοὺς τοῦ Ἡ φαίστου τρίποδας,
οὖς φησιν ὃ ποιητὴς
αὐτομάτους θεῖον δύεσθαι ἀγῶνα,
Hom. ὄφρα οἱ αὐτόματοι θεῖον δυσαίατ᾽ ἀγῶνα,
Eustath. (1148, 8),---- δυσαέατ᾽ ἀγῶνα, ἢ δύσονται ἀγῶνα. Schol.
Ven. A,— ἐν ἄλλῳ δύσονται ἀγῶνα. ἐν δὲ ταῖς εἰκαιοτέραις κατὰ δῶμα
νεοέατο. Schol. Townl.,—év δὲ ταῖς εἰκαιοτέραις θεῖον κατὰ δῶμα
νέοιντος. Though we cannot feel certain as to which reading,
δυσαίατ᾽, δύσονται or δύσωνται, Aristotle had in his Homer, still
we know he did not have the variant κατὰ δῶμα νέοιντο, which is
cited by the scholiasts.
6. £th, Nic. το, τὸ (p. 1180a 27) refers to Od. 9, 114:
Art καὶ ζῇ ἕκαστος ὡς βούλεται, κυκλωπικῶς θεμιστεύων
παίδων ἠδ᾽ ἀλόχου.
Hom. θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος
παίδων ἠδ᾽ ἀλόχων,
Either Aristotle purposely wrote ἀλόχου for ἀλόχων, or else
some copyist made the change. For in another passage® Aristotle
in quoting a part of these verses has left us ἀλόχων in his text.
1 Cod. G, Vrat. A, Mosc. 3, ἐνορούσοι; CL, ἐνορούσει.
2 I might note an example of the confusion of these two verbs in //. 11, 747.
3 Cod. 5, adréuara:; Townl., δυσέατ᾽; many cod. have δύσονται; L Lips., δύσωνται.
4 Cod. Mb omits ἕκαστος. 5 Cod. K, παίδων τ΄. δ Pol. 1, 2 (p. 1252 Ὁ 23).
222 George Edwin Howes.
7. Eth. Nic. 8, 2 (p. 1155 a 32) refers to Od. 17, 218:
Ar. of μὲν yap ὁμοιότητά τινα τιθέασιν αὐτὴν καὶ τοὺς ὁμοίους
φίλους, ὅθεν
Ἂς go I 4 ε ν μὲ
τὸν ὅμοιόν φασιν ὡς τὸν ὅμοιον,
Hom.) ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον.
This verse, either in whole or in part, is elsewhere quoted three
times by Aristotle.”
8. th. Nic. 3, 11 (p. 1116 b 26) refers to Od. 24, 318-319:
Ar. ἰτητικώτατον yap ὃ θυμὸς πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους, ὅθεν καὶ
Ὅμηρος
δριμὺ δ᾽ ἀνὰ ῥῖνας μένος
Hom.® τοῦ δ᾽ ὠρίνετο θυμός, ἀνὰ ῥῖνας δέ οἱ ἤδη
δριμὺ μένος προὔτυψε φίλον πατέρ᾽ εἰσορόωντι.
These words belonging to different verses Aristotle has brought
together-——in a reference rather, than a quotation —to illustrate
bravery or spirit. By the introduction of δ᾽ the fragment has been
made metrical, so far as it goes.
E. ARISTOTLE’S VARIANTS SUBSTANTIATED.
Of those passages in which Aristotle gives a reading different from
the accepted one of Homer, there are many cases where Aristotle’s
reading is substantiated either by manuscripts of Homer, by scholia,
by Eustathius or by ancient authors.
1. Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 1379 ἃ 4) = /74 2, 196:
θυμὸς δὲ μέγας ἐστὶ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων
Schol. Ven. Α,--- ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος γράφει διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.
9 ε a ς» , 5 \ Ve , ΄ ED
OUTWS EVLKWS αἱ Ἀριστάρχου. €LXOV δὲ καὶ AL χαριέστατᾶι OUTWS, ἀγεν
1 Cod. CDKL, és (for the second ws); Μ, és.
2 Rhet. 1, 11 (p.1371b 16); Eth. Eud. 7,1 (p.1235a7); Mag. Mor. 2, τι
(p. 1208 b 10).
3 Cod. E, ἀνὰ ῥῖνα; K, dvappiva; S, dvapptva; P, dvappivas.
4 Cod. GL, θυμὸς yap; Cant., θυμὸς δὴ; ACES, διοτρεφέος βασιλῆος; DGHL,
διοτρεφέων (or διοτροφέων) βασιλήων. La Roche adopts the reading of Zenodotus
instead of that of the best codices.
Flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 223
τῆς Ζηνοδότου. Schol. Townl.,— διοτρεφέος βασιλῆος οὕτως αἱ πᾶσαι
πλὴν τῆς Ζηνοδότου.
2. Probl. 23, 23 (p. 9348 15) Ξε 71. 7, 64:
Ar} μελάνει δέ τε πόντος ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ.
Hom.? ὀρνυμένοιο νέον, μελάνει δέ τε πόντος ὑπ᾽ αὐτῆς,
Although only one manuscript of Homer gives αὐτοῦ, the reading
shown by Aristotle, we find from this scholion of Ven. A that it was
a well-attested variant: ᾿Αρίσταρχος πόντον διὰ τοῦ Ρν, καὶ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῇ, τῇ
φρικί, ἄλλοι δὲ πόντος ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ.
3. Mist. An. 6, 28 (p. 578 Ὁ 1) = 12. 9, 539-540:
Ar? θρέψεν ἐπὶ χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον" οὐδὲ ἐῴκει
θηρί γε σιτοφάγῳ ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι.
Hom.* ὦρσεν ἔπι χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον ἀργιόδοντα,
ὃς κακὰ πόλλ᾽ ἔρδεσκεν ἔθων Οἰνῆος ἀλῳήν'
Some scholars think that Aristotle has here confused this Desege
with Odyssey 9, 190-191 where we read:
καὶ yap θαῦμα réruxto® πελώριον, οὐδὲ ἐῴκει
ἀνδρί γε σιτοφάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι
Ι cannot suppose that Aristotle has accidentally confused these
two Homeric passages. For, as Homer in the passage of the
Odyssey is speaking about the famous and peculiar Polyphemus, it
seems to me absurd to claim that Aristotle, who we know wrote
much about Homer and his works, was ignorant of this fact, or even
forgot that these verses applied to the Cyclops. To me, Aristotle’s
words have the ring of truth when he says: τῶν δ᾽ ἀρρένων καὶ ἀγρίων
oi τομίαι μείζους γίνονται καὶ χαλεπώτεροι, ὥσπερ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησεν
θρέψεν κτλ. Besides, the reading of Aristotle is confirmed somewhat
by Eustathius, who says (772, 46): τὸ δὲ ὦρσε καὶ ἑξῆς εὕρηται παρὰ
es Ἂν , Γ
ᾧ καὶ στίχος εὕρηται
t
TO γεωγράφῳ, θρέψεν ἐπὶ χλούνην σῦν’ παρ᾽
id
οὗτος ἐπηγμένος- οὐδὲ ἐῴκει θηρί ye σιτοφάγῳ ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι.
1 Cod. Ca Xa Ya, μελαίνει.
2 Cod. S, μελάνεϊ ; G Mor, μελαινει; many cod., πόντον ; Lips., Harl., Townl.,
Ven. B, αὐτῇ; G, αὐτοῦ.
3 Cod. P, θρίψιν; Da, ἀλλ᾽ ἀγρίω (but corrected).
4 Cod. C, χλοῦνιν. 5 All cod. (except Ven. A), θαῦμ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο.
224 George Edwin Howes.
Kal σημείωσαι καὶ τοῦτο εἰς τὸ περὶ στίχων λειπόντων ἐκ τοῦ Ὁμήρου.
Eustathius, a few lines below (772, 54), adds: καὶ ᾿Αριστοτέλης δὲ
κατὰ τὸν γεωγράφον χλούνην σῦν τὸν τομίαν νοεῖ, δεχόμενος τὸ
θρέψεν ἐπὶ χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον καὶ τὸν ἑζῆς γραφέντα στίχον πρὸς
πίστωσιν τοῦ ὅτι τῶν ἀῤῥένων καὶ ἀγρίων οἱ τομίαι μείζους γίνονται καὶ
χαλεπώτεροι.
Eustathius, when he refers to γεωγράφος, as he often does, means
Strabo.t So, if we may believe Eustathius, Strabo too, though the
reference cannot be found anywhere in his extant works, I think,
quoted these verses from Aristotle and believed them to be Homeric.
Therefore I think that Aristotle had these verses in his text of
Homer.
4. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 26) = 77, το, 252:
Ar? παρῴχηκεν δὲ πλέων νύξ
Hom. ἄστρα δὲ δὴ προβέβηκε, παρῴχωκεν δὲ πλέων νὺξ
5080]. Ven. Α,---᾿ Ἀρίσταρχος παρώιχωκεν. Schol. Townl.,— οὕτω,
διὰ τοῦ ὦ κατὰ τροπὴν τοῦ ἢ εἰς ὦ.
5. De Part. An.‘ 3, 10 (p. 673 ἃ 16) ΞΞ 7ιὅ το, 457 and Ο4.522,5320:
Ar. φθεγγομένη δ᾽ dpa τοῦγε κάρη κονίῃσιν ἐμίχθη,
Hom. φθεγγομένου δ᾽ ἄρα τοῦ γε κάρη κονίῃσιν ἐμίχθη.
It is evident that there were two readings φθεγγομένη and
φθεγγομένου, for there is a trace of both in the manuscripts both
of Aristotle and of Homer; and, besides, Eustathius tells us (818, 4):
γράφεται μὲν, φθεγγομένη.
1 Perhaps one example will suffice to show this. Compare EZustathit Commen-
tarii 419, 21 (Geographi Graeci Minores, Vol. II, ed. Mueller) with Strabo 8, 8, 9
(c. 372). In Eustathius we read: ὁ δὲ Tewypdgos φησὶν ὅτι of νεώτεροι καὶ
μάλιστα Μακεδόνες καὶ Θετταλοὶ &pyos τὸ πεδίον φασί. Strabo’s words
are as follows: ἄργος δὲ καὶ τὸ πεδίον λέγεται παρὰ τοῖς νεωτέροις, παρ᾽
Ὁμήρῳ δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἅπαξ" μάλιστα δ᾽ οἵονται Μακεδονικὸν καὶ Θετταλικὸν εἶναι.
2 Cod. Ac, πλέω; Be, πλέον.
8 Many cod. have either παρῴχηκε or παρῴχηκεν ; many cod., πλέω.
4 Cod. E, φθεγγομένου ; PZ, φθεγγόμενον; EPSUY, τοῦδε.
5 Cod. H, φθεγγομένη.
6 Cod. D omits this verse; L, φθεγγομένου, κάρη κονίῃσιν ἐμίχθη; GR, τοῦ δὲ;
MQ, τοῦδε.
flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 225
6. £th. Nic. 7,7 (p.1149b 17) = JZ. 14, 217:
Ar wapdacis, ἥ τ᾽ ἔκλεψε νόον πύκα περ φρονέοντος.
Hom.’ πάρφασις, ἥ τ᾽ ἔκλεψε νόον πύκα περ φρονεόντων.
7. Poet. 25 (p.1461a 33) = 77. 20, 272):
Ar? TH ῥ᾽ ἔσχετο χάλκεον ἔγχος,
Hom.* τῇ ῥ᾽ ἔσχετο μείλινον ἔγχος.
Schol. Ven. Α,--- ἀθετοῦνται στίχοι δ΄. Schol. Townl.,—(verses
269-272) οὗτοι καὶ προηθετοῦντο παρ᾽ ἐνίοις τῶν σοφιστῶν, ἐν ἐνίοις
δὲ ἐφέροντο.
8. Αἰλοί. 3, τῇ (p.1418 ἃ 8) = Od. 4, 204:
Ar. ὦ φίλ᾽, ἐπεὶ τόσα εἶπες ὅσ᾽ ἂν πεπνυμένος ἀνήρ,
Hom.? ὦ φίλ᾽, ἐπεὶ τόσα εἶπας, ὅσ᾽ ἂν πεπνυμένος ἀνὴρ
9. Mag. Mor. 2, 11 (p. 1208 Ὁ 10) = Od, 17, 218:
Ar® αἰεί τοι τὸν ὅμοιον ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὅμοιον.
Hom.” ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον.
In two other passages® the manuscripts of Aristotle agree with
the accepted Homeric reading ὡς αἰεί Here, however, Aristotle
disagrees with that reading, but agrees with the text of Plato.? So
it looks as if there were two old readings, one of which is given by
Plato, and by Aristotle in this passage, while the other reading is
preserved in the existing Homeric manuscripts and in the other two
passages of Aristotle.
10. oer. 22 (p. 1458 Ὁ 29) = Od. 20, 259:
Ar.” δίφρον ἀεικέλιον καταθεὶς ὀλίγην τε τράπεζαν.
Hom." δίφρον ἀεικέλιον παραθεὶς ὀλίγην τε τράπεζαν"
1 Cod. Mb, φρονεόντων. 3 Cod. L, φρονέόντϑι.
8 Cod. Be, δ᾽ (for ῥ᾽). 4 Some cod., χάλκεον.
5 Most cod., εἶπες ; BL (after erasure), τόσ᾽ ἔειπες ; D, τόσσα ἔειπες.
6 Cod. Mb omits τοι. ἢ
™ Cod. CDKL, és (for the second os); M, és,
8 Rhet. 1, τὰ (p. 1371 b 16) and Eth. Eud. 7, τ (p. 123: 8 7).
9 Lysis 214 A.
1 All cod., δίφρον re, the re evidently a mistake of scribes.
lL A few cod., καταθεὶς.
226 George Edwin Howes.
F. HoMERIC VERSES OMITTED IN ARISTOTLE.
Naturally, perhaps, I should consider next the passages in which
Aristotle’s readings receive no support elsewhere; but I prefer to
pass over these for a time, and to take up those passages in which
verses that are contained in our Homer are omitted in Aristotle.
1. Fol. 3, 14 (p.1285 ἃ 13) =J/. 2, 391-393:
Ar. ov δέ κ᾽ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης, οὔ of
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδ᾽ οἰωνούς "
πὰρ γὰρ ἐμοὶ θάνατος.
Hom.? ὃν δέ κ᾿ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης ἐθέλοντα νοήσω
μιμνάζειν παρὰ νηυσὲ κορωνίσιν, οὔ οἱ ἔπειτα
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδ᾽ οἰωνούς.
In this passage Aristotle omits the last part of one verse and
almost the whole of the succeeding verse. His object in quoting
the passage is to show the authority of a leader to inflict death upon
his men, if need be, in time of battle. Consequently he gives those
words only that emphasize that part, omitting even the main verb of
the sentence. In the Nicomachean Ethics* we find verse 391 given
in full, though, to be sure, it differs somewhat from our Homeric text.
Of the expression πὰρ yap ἐμοὶ θάνατος I shall speak later.
2. LRhet. 3, 11 (p. 1413 ἃ 28) = 74. g, 385-390:
Ar.* εἰσὶ δὲ ὑπερβολαὶ μειρακιώδεις: σφοδρότητα yap δηλοῦσιν.
διὸ ὀργιζόμενοι λέγουσι μάλιστα"
οὐδ᾽ εἴ μοι τόσα δοίη ὅσα ψάμαθός τε κόνις τε.
κούρην δ᾽ οὐ yapew, ᾿Αγαμέμνονος ᾿Ατρείδαο,
οὐδ᾽ εἰ χρυσείῃ ᾿Αφροδίτῃ κάλλος ἐρίζοι,
ἔργα δ᾽ ᾿Αθηναίῃ.
Hom. οὐδ᾽ εἴ μοι τόσα δοίη ὅσα ψάμαθός τε κόνις τε,
οὐδέ κεν ὧς ἔτι θυμὸν ἐμὸν πείσει ᾿Αγαμέμνων,
πρίν γ᾽ ἀπὸ πᾶσαν ἐμοὶ δόμεναι θυμαλγέα λώβην.
κούρην δ᾽ οὐ γαμέω ᾿Αγαμέμνονος ᾿Ατρείδαο,
οὐδ᾽ εἰ χρυσείῃ ᾿Αφροδίτῃ κάλλος ἐρίζοι,
ἔργα 8° ᾿Αθηναίῃ γλαυκώπιδι ἰσοφαρίζοι"
1 Cod. Ib, ἐσεῖται. 2 A few cod., δ᾽ ἂν (for δέ x’). 3 3, 11 (p. 1116 34).
4Cod. QZbAs, δοίης; Zb, ὅσσα; Q, ὅσας; Q, κόρην; QYbZbAS, χρυσῇ; Q,
ἀθηναίης. 5 Cod. S, Cant., πείσῃ; E, χρυσῇ; Νταῖ. Ὁ omits verse 390.
flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 227
It might possibly be claimed that in this passage verses quoted
by Aristotle had been carelessly omitted by a scribe, but I think
that such a suggestion is not necessary or even probable. Aristotle
is here quoting examples of exaggeration of statement. As the
force of the first example lies wholly in verse 385, especially in the
words δοίη ὅσα ψάμαθός τε κόνις τε; Aristotle very properly omits
the conclusion, which, no matter what its character might be, could
not lessen the exaggeration of the condition. In the second exam-
ple the three verses are so intimately connected that it is not easy
to separate them. Even here, however, we notice that the last part
of verse 390, γλαυκώπιδι ἰσοφαρίζοι; has been omitted as
unnecessary.
ἃ. Poet. 25 (p.1461a 16) = 71 το, 11-13:
Ar. τὸ δὲ κατὰ μεταφορὰν εἴρηται, οἷον... ἅμα δέ φησιν
ἥτοι ὅτ᾽ ἐς πεδίον τὸ Τρωικὸν ἀθρήσειεν,
αὐλῶν συρίγγων θ᾽ ὁμαδόν.
Hom.! ἢ τοι ὅτ᾽ ἐς πεδίον τὸ Τρωικὸν ἀθρήσειε,
θαύμαζεν πυρὰ πολλά, τὰ καίετο ᾿Ιλιόθι πρό,
αὐλῶν συρίγγων τ᾽ ἐνοπὴν ὅμαδόν τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων.
Here again those verses only are given by Aristotle which are
necessary to illustrate his point. Of the variant θ᾽ ὁμαδόν I shall
speak later.
G. VERSES NOT FOUND IN OUR HOMER.
There are many places in Aristotle where he shows a familiarity
with verses of Homer that cannot now be found in Homeric manu-
scripts. Such are the following:
1. Pol. 3, 14 (p. 1285 a 13) = JZ. 2, 391-393:
Ar? ὃν δέ κ᾿ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης, οὔ of
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδ᾽ οἰωνούς '
πὰρ γὰρ ἐμοὶ θάνατος.
Hom.® ὃν δέ κ᾿ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης ἐθέλοντα νοήσω
μιμνάζειν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὔ οἱ ἔπειτα
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδ᾽ οἰωνούς.
In the Iliad, this last verse ends a speech of Agamemnon.
1 Cod. Cant., τὰ καίοντ᾽. 2 Cod. Ib, ἐσεῖται. 3 A few cod., δ᾽ ἂν (for δέ κ᾽).
228 George Edwin Howes.
I have already considered this passage of Aristotle. Now I
wish to call attention to the words πὰρ yap ἐμοὶ θάνατος, which
Aristotle seems to have had in his Homer, but which are not found
in our Homeric manuscripts.
2. Hist. An. 6, 28 (p. 578 Ὁ 1) =//. 9, 539-540:
Ar? θρέψεν ἐπὶ χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον: οὐδὲ ἐῴκει
θηρί γε σιτοφάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι.
Hom.’ ὦρσεν ἔπι χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον ἀργιόδοντα,
ὃς κακὰ πόλλ᾽ ἔρδεσκεν ἔθων Οἰνῆος ἀλῳήν᾽
Though I have already discussed this passage at some ἰθηρίῃ,ὃ
this second verse in Aristotle ought to be listed here, as it is not
found in our Homer.
3. Rhet. 2,9 (p. 1387 a 32) = 7. 11, 542-543:
Ar.t καὶ τὸν ἥττω τῷ κρείττονι ἀμφισβητεῖν, μάλιστα μὲν οὖν τοὺς
ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ὅθεν καὶ τοῦτ᾽ εἴρηται,
Αἴαντος δ᾽ ἀλέεινε μάχην Τελαμωνιάδαο"
Ζεὺς γάρ οἱ νεμέσασχ᾽, ὅτ᾽ ἀμείνονι φωτὶ μάχοιτο.
Hom. Αἴαντος δ᾽ ἀλέεινε μάχην Τελαμωνιάδαο.
[Ζεὺς γάρ οἱ νεμεσᾶθ᾽, ὅτ᾽ ἀμείνονι φωτὶ μάχοιτο. |
Verse 543 is omitted in all the Homeric manuscripts, but it is
substantiated by Plutarch,’ who quotes it thus:
Ζεὺς γάρ τοι νεμεσᾷ, ὅτ᾽ ἀμείνονι φωτὶ μάχοιο.
The verse is given also in the Pseudo-Plutarch.®
4. L£th. Lud. 3, 1 (p. 12304 19) =J2, 22, 98-100:
Ari Ἕκτορα δ᾽ αἰδὼς εἷλε:
Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσει.
Hom.® 98 ὀχθήσας δ᾽ dpa εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν"
99 ὦ μοι ἐγών, εἰ μέν κε πύλας καὶ τείχεα δύω,
τοο Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσει,
1 Cod. P, θρίψιν; Da, ἀλλ᾽ ἀγρίω (but corrected).
2 Cod. Ὁ, χλοῦνιν. 5 Moral. 36 A.
8 Cf. p. 223. 6 De Vit. et Poes. Hom. 2, 132.
4 Cod. As, νεμέσασκε; QYDZ), νεμέσησ᾽. 7 Cod. Pb, πολυδάμας.
8 Cod. H, τύχεα; E, πολυδάμας; C omits μοι; E, πρῶτος ἢ πρῶτον.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 229
The words Ἕκτορα δ᾽ αἰδὼς εἷλε, if they existed in Aristotle’s
Homer, must have come before verse 99, as they could not have
formed a part of Hector’s soliloquy.
5 (and 6). £74. Nic. 3, 11 (p. 1116 b 26):
ἰτητικώτατον yap ὃ θυμὸς πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους, ὅθεν καὶ Ὅμηρος
σθένος ἔμβαλε θυμῷ καὶ μένος καὶ θυμὸν ἔγειρε
Of the words σθένος ἔμβαλε θυμῷ it might be said, that
Aristotle had quoted them carelessly, since we find somewhat similar
expressions in our Homer, as: μένος δέ of ἔμβαλε θυμῷ, and
σθένος éuBarX ἑκάστῳ." But, when we consider the expression
μένος kal θυμὸν ἔγειρε, we find nothing in our Homer resembling
it nearer than these words: μένος μέγα, θέλγε δὲ θυμόν So I
suspect that both of these quotations of Aristotle were made from
verses in his Homer that are not found in ours.
Now, as is evident, I am treading on extremely doubtful ground.
For there are some passages quoted by Aristotle as from Homer,
that are entirely different from anything in our Homeric manuscripts.
It might be suspected that Aristotle was quoting from other works,
not now extant, that were sometimes attributed to Homer. But, so
far as I know, with the exception of the Margites,* Aristotle mentions
as Homeric only the Iliad and the Odyssey. Therefore, since we
have abundant proof, as I have shown, that there were many verses
of the Iliad and Odyssey that have not been preserved in our
Homeric manuscripts, why may we not justly suppose that these
quotations of Aristotle refer to verses of Homer that were found in
some of the older manuscripts, but were either not known to the
Alexandrine critics or else rejected by them, and hence were lost to
our comparatively modern manuscripts?
7. Fol. ὃ, 3 (p. 13384 24):
διόπερ Ὅμηρος οὕτως ἐποίησεν
ἀλλ᾽ οἷον μέν ἐστι καλεῖν ἐπὶ δαῖτα θαλείην.
The insertion of a single short syllable in the second foot — for
example, re — would make the hexameter complete.
1 77. 16, 529. 27. 11,11, and 72. 14, 151. 3 71. 15, 594.
4 Aristotle refers to this, as a work of Homer, in Poet. 4 (p. 1448 b 30).
230 George Edwin Howes.
8. De Anima’ τ, 2 (p. 4044 29):
διὸ καλῶς ποιῆσαι τὸν Ὅμηρον
ὡς Ἕκτωρ κεῖτ᾽ ἀλλοφρονέων.
Aristotle thus refers to this verse in the Metaphysics?: φασὶ δὲ καὶ
τὸν Ὅμηρον ταύτην ἔχοντα φαίνεσθαι τὴν δόξαν, ὅτι ἐποίησε τὸν Ἕκτορα,
ὡς ἐξέστη ὑπὸ τῆς πληγῆς, κεῖσθαι ἀλλοφρονέοντα,
So we can have no doubt, I think, that Aristotle’s quotation repre-
sents part of an actual Homeric verse. The same expression, too, is
found in Theocritus,® who says:
πᾶς δ᾽ ἐπὶ γαῖαν
κεῖτ᾽ ἀλλοφρονέων.
9. ΖΔ. Nic. 3, 11 (p. 1116 Ὁ 26):
ἰτητικώτατον yap ὃ θυμὸς πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους, ὅθεν Kai Ὅμηρος ...
καὶ ἔξεσεν αἷμα"
The verb ζέω is used by Homer, so far as our text shows, only in
the expressions Jotling water and a boiling kettle. "TNeocritus,* how-
ever, has the same expression that is quoted here in the Nicomachean
Ethics, namely boiling blood: ἐμοὶ δ᾽ ἄφαρ ἔζεσεν αἷμα. As Theo-
critus knew his Homer well and copied him freely, perhaps this
expression in his Idyl was borrowed directly from Homer. Why may
he not have had an Iliad or Odyssey in which this expression was
used? This old edition of Homer in the possession of Theocritus
might have contained also the expression Keir’ ἀλλοφρονέων,
which Theocritus uses and which is quoted in the De Anima? It
would seem as if in these two passages Theocritus supported Aristotle
and his quotations.
10. Frag. 159 (p. 1504b 44) in Schol. Townl. on /7. 24, 420:
ἀδύνατον νεκρῶν τραύματα μύειν, ὥς φησιν ᾿Αριστοτέλης εἰρηκέναι
Ὅμηρον
μῦσεν δὲ περιβροτόεσσα ὠτειλή.
That this reading of Homer was lost in early times is shown by
the words of the scholiast that follow: τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἡμιστίχιον οὐδὲ
φέρεται.
1 Cod. SW, ws ὁ ἕκτωρ. 3.3, 5 (p. 1009 Ὁ 28). 8 Jd. 22, 129.
4 Td. 20, 15. 5 Cf. the previous passage discussed.
Flomeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 231
11 (and 12). Rhet. 3, 4 (p. 1406 b 20):
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ εἰκὼν μεταφορά" διαφέρει yap μικρόν ὅταν μὲν yap
εἴπῃ τὸν ᾿Αχιλλέ ὡς δὲ λέων ἐπόρουσεν, εἰκών ἐστιν,
ὅταν δὲ λέων ἐπόρουσε, μεταφορά'
The expression ὡς δὲ λέων ἐπόρουσεν has already been dis-
cussed.1_ Whether that refers to a passage no longer found in our
Homer or not, the words λέων ἐπόρουσε, if they represent a quota-
tion at all correct, must have come from a text of Homer different
from ours; for in our Homer we cannot find any passage to which
they would properly refer.
H. NEW READINGS IN ARISTOTLE.
There remain for consideration the comparatively few passages in
which Aristotle, while quoting verses contained in our Homer, gives
readings unsupported by other testimony. It will not be necessary
to treat each one of these passages fully, though a few suggestions
may very properly be made.
1 (and 2). Soph. Elench. 4 (p. 166b 6) and Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 22)
=//. 2,15 and 2, 32:
Ar. (Soph. Elench.) καὶ τὸ περὶ τὸ ἐνύπνιον τοῦ ᾿Αγαμέμνονος, ὅτι
οὐκ αὐτὸς ὁ Ζεὺς εἶπεν
δίδομεν δέ οἱ εὖχος ἀρέσθαι,
ἀλλὰ τῷ ἐνυπνίῳ ἐνετέλλετο διδόναι.
Ar. (Poet.) δίδομεν δέ of
Hom. Ἥρη λισσομένη, Τρώεσσι δὲ κήδε᾽ ἐφῆπται.
Though the words δέδομεν δέ τοι εὖχος ἀρέσθαι are found in
Iliad 21, 297, it is evident from the general sense of the passage in
Aristotle, that he is referring to one of the earlier passages, and not
to the later one.
3. L£th. Nic. 3, 11 (p. 11164 34) =/7. 2, 391-393:
Ar? ὃν δέ κ᾿ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης πτώσσοντα νοήσω,
οὔ οἱ
Ε Η n ΄ ,
ἄρκιον ἐσσειται φυγέειν κυνας.
1 Cf. p. 220. 2 Cod. Kb, ἄρκειον; Kb Mb, ἐσεῖται.
232 George Edwin Howes.
Hom.? ὃν δέ κ᾿ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης ἐθέλοντα νοήσω
μιμνάζειν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὔ οἱ ἔπειτα
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδ᾽ οἰωνούς.
In this passage it is stated carelessly that the verses were uttered
by Hector, whereas they were really spoken by Agamemnon. That
Aristotle was aware of that fact, is clear from a passage in the
Politics,? where he correctly refers the words to Agamemnon.
The reading πτώσσοντα is metrically and grammatically correct.
4. Probl. 30, τ (p. 953 ἃ 23) =. 6, 200-202:
ΑΙ αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ καὶ κεῖνος ἀπήχθετο πᾶσι θεοῖσιν,
ἤτοι ὃ καππεδίον τὸ ᾿Αλήιον οἷος ἀλᾶτο,
ὃν θυμὸν κατέδων, πάτον ἀνθρώπων ἀλεείνων.
Hom.* ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δὴ καὶ κεῖνος ἀπήχθετο πᾶσι θεοῖσιν,
ἢ τοι ὃ Kam πεδίον τὸ ᾿Αλήιον οἷος ἀλᾶτο,
ὃν θυμὸν κατέδων, πάτον ἀνθρώπων ἀλεείνων,
5. De Mot. An. 4 (p. 699 Ὁ 37) = 77. 8, 20-22:
Ατι ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν ἐρύσαιτ᾽ ἐξ οὐρανόθεν πεδίονδε
Ζῆν᾽ ὕπατον πάντων, οὐδ᾽ εἰ μάλα πολλὰ κάμοιτε"
πάντες δ᾽ ἐξάπτεσθε θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι.
Hom.® πάντες δ᾽ ἐξάπτεσθε θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι '
ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν ἐρύσαιτ᾽ ἐξ οὐρανόθεν πεδίον δὲ
Ζῆν᾽, ὕπατον μήστωρ᾽, οὐδ᾽ εἰ μάλα πολλὰ κάμοιτε.
La Roche’ tells us that there has been no change in the order of
verses of the Iliad or Odyssey from the time of Pisistratus down, and
that the manuscripts of Homer show this fact. Here, however, in
Aristotle we find the order of verses changed. This change may be
due either to Aristotle or to a scribe.
1 A few cod., δ᾽ ἂν (for dé x’).
23, 14 (Ρ. 1285 8 11).
3 Cod. t, οὗτος (for κεῖνος); t, οἷον; t, κατέδεν.
4 Cod. C (after an erasure) and many others have κἀκεῖνος.
ὃ Cod. E, éptcer’; P, ὕπατον μήστορα πάντων ; EP, ἐξάπτεσθαι.
6 Cod. C, πάντες τ᾽; S Mose. 1, ἄν μ᾽; G, ἐρύσητ᾽; HL Vrat. b, κάμητε; Schol.
Ven. A, yp. καὶ πάθοιτε.
7 Homerische Textkritik, p. 7.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 233
6. De An. Gen. 5, 5 (p. 785a 15) = 2. ὃ, 83-84:
Ar. iva τε πρῶται τρίχες ἵππων
κρανίῳ ἐμπεφύασι, μάλιστα δὲ καίριόν ἐστιν.
Hom.? ἄκρην κὰκ κορυφήν, ὅθι τε πρῶται τρίχες ἵππων
Ὑ. 3 ΄ , ΄, ,ὔ rs 2
κρανίῳ ἐμπεφύασι, μάλιστα δέ καίριόν ἐστιν.
7. Rhet. τ, 7 (p. 1365 a 13)ΞΞ 72. 9, 592--594:
Ar® ὅσσα κάκ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι πέλει τῶν ἄστυ ἁλώῃ'
λαοὶ μὲν φθινύθουσι, πόλιν δέ τε πῦρ ἀμαθύνει,
τέκνα δέ 7 ἄλλοι ἄγουσιν.
Hom.* «de, ὅσ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι πέλει τῶν ἄστυ ἁλώῃ-
ἄνδρας μὲν κτείνουσι, πόλιν δέ τε πῦρ ἀμαθύνει,
τέκνα δέ τ᾽ ἄλλοι ἄγουσι βαθυζώνους τε γυναῖκας.
Schol. Ven. A,— ὅτι Ζηνόδοτος γράφει τέκνα δὲ δήιοι ἄγουσι. Schol.
Townl., — ἔνιοι γράφουσι τέκνα δὲ δήιοι ἄγουσι.
The expression λαοὶ μὲν φθινύθουσι is Homeric, and is found
in Iliad 6, 327. It is not impossible that it may once have been
used in Iliad 9, 593, just as Aristotle quotes it.
In the reading 7’ ἄλλοι Aristotle agrees with the Homeric manu-
scripts, though the scholiasts, as we see, note a variant δήιοι.
8. Poet. 25 (p.1461a18)= V7. το, 11-13:
Ar. ἤτοι ὅτ᾽ és πεδίον τὸ Τρωικὸν ἀθρήσειεν,
αὐλῶν συρίγγων θ᾽ ὁμαδόν.
Hom.® ἢ τοι ὅτ᾽ ἐς πεδίον τὸ Τρωικὸν ἀθρήσειε,
θαύμαζεν πυρὰ πολλά, τὰ καίετο ᾿Ιλιόθι πρό,
αὐλῶν συρίγγων τ᾽ ἐνοπὴν ὅμαδόν τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων.
Of the omission of verse 12 I have already spoken. I have now
to treat of the word ὅμαδον. It seems to me probable that Aristotle
had the expression in his Homeric text just as his manuscripts give
it. In this passage Aristotle is speaking of metaphors. Now ὅμαδον
with αὐλῶν and συρίγγων would give a much better example of a
1 Cod. SY omit πρῶται; Z, ἐμπεφύκασι.
2 Cod. H, κἀκκοφυφὴν ; C (first hand) omits re.
3 Cod. QYbZb, ὅσα; QYbZb omit πέλει.
4 Cod. G, κήδεα ὅσσ᾽.
5 Cod. Cant., τὰ καίοντ᾽.
234 George Edwin Howes.
metaphor than would ἐνοπήν; for duados generally refers to the
din or uproar of men, whereas here by a transfer of meaning it
would refer to the din or blare of trumpets.
9. Frag. 143 (p.1502b 4) = LZ. το, 332:
φησὶ δ᾽ ᾿Αριστοτέλης ὅτι οὐδ᾽ 6 ποιητὴς λέγει ὡς ἐπιώρκησαν,
καθάπερ ἐπ᾿ ἄλλων
ὡς φάτο καί ῥ᾽ ἐπίορκον ὦμοσεν,
Hom.! ὡς φάτο καί ῥ᾽ ἐπίορκον ἐπώμοσε, τὸν δ᾽ ὀρόθυνεν.
Schol. Ven. A, — οὕτως καὶ διὰ τοῦ € τὸ ἐπώμοσεν αἱ ᾿Αριστάρχου.
We must assume that Aristotle intended to end the real quotation
with ἐπίορκον, or else that ἐπ (or dw) has been lost through some
mischance, for the use of the simple verb ὥμοσεν renders the line
unmetrical.
10. Poet? 22 (p. 1458 Ὁ 31) = 7. 17, 265:
groves βοόωσιν
This expression of Aristotle is thus edited by Bekker. All the
manuscripts, however, read twves βοῶσιν. The error of the manu-
scripts is probably due to a scribe, who would naturally suppose the
subject of this verb to be persons rather than things.
tr. Eth, Eud. 7, τ (p. 1235 ἃ 26) ΞΞ 71. 18, 107:
Ar, ὡς ἔρις ἔκ τε θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἀπόλοιτο"
Hom. ὡς ἔρις ἔκ τε θεῶν ἔκ τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἀπόλοιτο,
12. Lrobl. 26, 31 (p. 943 Ὁ 22) = Od. 4, 567:
Ar? ἀλλ᾽ αἰεὶ ζεφύροιο διαπνείουσιν ἀῆται
Hom.! ἀλλ᾽ αἰεὶ ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντος ἀήτας
For the reading of the Homeric manuscripts we have the testimony
of many writers. The verse as quoted by Aristotle, however, would
readily unite with the preceding verse of Homer, οὐ νιφετός, οὔτ᾽ dp
χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτέ ποτ᾽ ὄμβρος, if the succeeding verse were omitted,
"OQkeavds ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους.
1 (οά. H, ἐπεὶ ὅρκον; a few cod., ἀπώμοσε; D, ἀπώμοσσεν; H, ἀπ ρος;
C (recent hand), yp. ἐπ. 2 All cod., twves βοῶσιν.
3 Cod. Yas, del; 5, διαπνέουσιν; Ca, ἀντμαί.
4 Most cod. have mvelovras; M, avelovros; H, πνείοντᾶς ; Schol. HP, τὸ mvelovros
διὰ τοῦ ὃ πρὸς τὸ ζεφύροιο.
Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 235
13. De Mundo, 6 (p. 400a 11) = Od. 6, 42-45:
Ar} Οὐὔλυμπόνδ᾽, ὅθι φασὶ θεῶν ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεί
ἔμμεναι. οὔτ᾽ ἀνέμοισι τινάσσεται οὔτε ποτ᾽ ὄμβρῳ
δεύεται, οὔτε χιὼν ἐπιπίλναται, ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ αἴθρη
πέπταται ἀννέφελος, λευκὴ δ᾽ ἀναδέδρομεν αἴγλη.
Hom.? Οὔλυμπον δ᾽, ὅθι φασὶ θεῶν ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεὶ
ἔμμεναι οὔτ᾽ ἀνέμοισι τινάσσεται οὔτέ ποτ᾽ ὄμβρῳ
δεύεται οὔτε χιὼν ἐπιπίλναται, ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ αἴθρη
πέπταται ἀνέφελος, λευκὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν αἴγλη"
Of Aristotle’s form ἀννέφελος nothing need be said, for that is
found in many Homeric manuscripts also. ἀναδέδρομεν is not
supported elsewhere.
14. Poet. 22 (p.1458b 25) = OW. 9, 515:
Arist.? νῦν δέ μ᾽ ἐὼν ὀλίγος τε Kal οὐτιδανὸς Kal ἄκικυς,
Hom.* νῦν δέ μ᾽ ἐὼν ὀλίγος τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καὶ ἄκικυς
Eustathius (1643, 7) says: γράφεται δ᾽ ἔν τισι καὶ ἀεικής. Since
the three manuscripts of Aristotle have ἀειδής or ἀηδής, it seems
to me probable that Aristotle had in his Homer and wrote ἀεικής;
which is read in a scholion of Homer and also in Eustathius. This
could easily have been corrupted, in the text of Aristotle, into
ἀειδής and then ἀηδής.
15. het. 3, 11 (p. 1411 b 33) = Od. τι, 598:
Ar αὖτις ἐπὶ δάπεδόνδε κυλίνδετο λᾶας ἀναιδής,
Hom.® αὖτις ἔπειτα πέδον δὲ κυλίνδετο λᾶας ἀναιδής.
The difference in reading is really very slight, and the unmetrical
2. 7
ἐπί in Aristotle is probably due to scribes.
1Cod. P, οὔλυμπόν θ᾽; O, οὔλυμπον; Q, ὅτι; P, ὅσοι; Q, ὕδατος (for ἕδος);
O, οὐδὲ (verse 43); O, οὔτ᾽ αὖ χιόνες ; P, ἀνέφελα ; Q, ἀνέφελος ; O, ἀλκὴ (for λευκὴ).
3 Cod. ΑΚ, οὐδέποτ᾽; B, οὐδέ 7’ (verse 43); LPS, οὐδὲ (verse 44); most cod.,
ἀννέφελος ; Eustath. 1551, 5, ἀνέφελος and ἀννέφελος ; D, ἐπιδέδραμεν ; Schol. H.P.,
'Ριανὸς αἰθήρ.
8 This verse is so edited by Bekker, although one cod. (Na) has ἀηδής, and
the other two (AcBc) have ἀειδής.
4 Cod. S, ἄναλκις ; M, yp. ἀεικής.
5 Cod. QYbZb, δ᾽ ἐπὶ; Q, δάπεδόν re. § Cod. EQ, αὖθις.
236 George Edwin Howes.
16. Rhet. τ, 11 (p.1370b 5) = Od. 15, 400-401:
Ar} μετὰ γάρ τε Kal ἄλγεσι τέρπεται ἀνὴρ
μνήμενος,; ὅστις πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ πολλὰ ἐόργῃ.
Hom.? μνωομένω μετὰ γάρ τε καὶ ἄλγεσι τέρπεται ἀνήρ,
ὅς τις δὴ μάλα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ πόλλ᾽ ἐπαληθῇ.
The word ἐόργῃ given by Aristotle seems to me to harmonize
better with πάθῃ and with the general sense of the passage than
the traditional ἐπαληθῇ.
17. Pol. 8, 3 (p. 1338 a 26) = OW. 17, 385:
Ar. ot καλέουσιν ἀοιδόν φησιν, 6 κεν τέρπῃσιν ἅπαντας.
Hom.® ἢ καὶ θέσπιν ἀοιδόν, ὅ κεν τέρπησιν ἀείδων;
18. Probl. 30, τ (p. 953 Ὁ 12) = OW. 19, 122:
Ar? καί μέ φησι δάκρυ πλώειν βεβαρημένον οἴνῳ.
Hom.® φῇ δὲ δακρυπλώειν βεβαρηότα με φρένας οἴνῳ.
The first part of the verse as given by Aristotle is unmetrical.
Were it not for the fact that the last part is metrical, we should think
that Aristotle was merely referring to the passage and not attempt-
ing to quote it. As it is, it looks as if he might have had a different
text.
CONCLUSION WITH REGARD TO ARISTOTLE’S QUOTATIONS.
In general, now, what can be said of the trustworthiness of
Aristotle’s quotations? Did he, by relying on memory, commit so
many offenses that his variants are entitled to no consideration?
About him, as about Plato, I think we may say that there are
occasional passages where the presumption seems very strong that
he has quoted from memory and quoted wrongly. We cannot, how-
ever, dismiss all, or even many, of his variants in that abrupt way.
Whether he quoted from memory or not, for the following reasons I
feel that his readings are entitled to a careful consideration, and
1 Cod. Ac, μνησάμενος ὅτε; Q, πάθοι; QZb, ἔοργε; Yb, ἐόργει.
2 Cod. D, μνωμένω ; M, yp. μεμνομένω.
8 Cod. R (and Eustath. 1824, 59), ὃς ἂν.
4 Cod. Xa, πλύνειν βεβαρυμένον.
5 A (first hand) omits this verse.
Homeric Quotations tn Plato and Aristotle. 237
that, where they differ from the traditional text of Homer, in most
instances they probably give us variants of high antiquity.
1. Let me repeat again that we feel more strongly since the dis-
covery of the Flinders Petrie fragment, that the modern manuscripts
of Homer differ greatly from the earlier traditions.
2. Though I cannot go into the question as to whether Aristotle
himself prepared a Homeric text for Alexander the Great, — for
there seems to be conflicting testimony on this point, — it is clear
from the titles of two of the works of Aristotle, and from references
to him in the scholia of Homer, where his readings or explanations
are occasionally mentioned, that he paid a good deal of attention to
the study of Homer, and hence must have been well acquainted with
his poems.
3. Many of the quotations in Aristotle agree with our traditional
Homeric readings. Many that disagree receive support either from
Homeric manuscripts or from scholia or from ancient authors.
4. Many of the differences are undoubtedly due either to mistakes
of scribes, or to the fact that Aristotle occasionally refers to verses
without intending to give the exact words.
There then remains a comparatively small number of unsub-
stantiated variants, to be attributed to a difference of text. Should
we not expect that Aristotle, who lived so long before the Alexan-
drine critics, would exhibit as many real variants as his manuscripts
show?
1 προβλήματα Ὁμηρικά (cf. Biographi Minores, ed. Westerman, p. 404, 77),
and ᾿Απορήματα ‘Ounpixd (cf. Diogenes Laertius, 5, 1, 26).
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